Causes of the Easter Uprising Essays -- Essays Papers

Causes of the Easter UprisingIn the mid 1800s the course of Irish history was changed forever. The Irish were devastated by The Great Potato Famine of the mid to late 1800s. Population declined from over eight million people in 1840 to under 4.5 million in 1900 due to death and immigration (ORourke 2). The poorer Irish people, unlike many British citizens, relied almost entirely on agriculture. The Irish immigration not only change Ireland and Britain, but its affects were felt over much of the world, including the United deposits. The famine had a significant effect on the future of Irish history including Home regulating legislation, The Easter Uprising of 1916, and the fontual creation of an Irish free state in the early twentieth century. In the early 1900s, Irish nationalists were fed up with the British rule that had dominated Ireland since its existence. The Irish in this situation closely resemble the American Colonists prior to the American Revolution. The Irish felt as if the British did not represent them well and they wanted to run their own country and govern themselves. There were many small rebellions and confrontations between some Irish citizens and the British army all throughout Irelands history with the purpose of lowering the morale of British troops that occupied Ireland, or in rebellion to particularised actions by the British. However, there never was any organized uprising with a goal of completely eliminating the British like the Easter Uprising in 1916. Irish nationalists planned to take Dublin and all of Ireland by force and rid themselves of the British. On the morning of Monday April 24, 1916, the day after Easter, a force between 1,000 and 1,500 work force and women began a rebellion that they hope... ...e uprising had on the young Irish nationalists. Both Connolly and Pearse were strong leaders that were well respected and influenced many of the men that they worked with in the uprising. though Eamon de Valera was an extremely powerful speaker and tremendous leader, he still received all of his early guidance from the leaders of the uprising. The Easter Uprising is one event that can be attributed to Ireland starting down the path of independence and self-government. The efforts and deaths of those involved seemed to show the defeat of the rebellion, but the ensuing support for the revolution that followed showed that the uprising was an overpowering success. Today those men and women who gave their lives in the Easter Uprising as well as all the other efforts and rebellions that led to the formation of the Irish Free State are regarded to as national heroes.

Production Planning :: essays research papers

Production PlanningIntroductionThe intention of this project is to shew the function of drudgery planning in a non - artificial environment. Through this simulationwe are able to forecast, with a degree of certainty the cal abrogatear monthly requirements for residuum products, subassemblies, parts and raw materials. We are supplied withinformation that we are to base our decisions on. The manufacturer depicted inthis simulation was actually a General Electric quickness that produced black andwhite television sets Syrac ingestion, New York. Unfortunately this plant is no longeroperational, it was closed down and the equipment was shipped off to China. Onecan only adore if the plant manager would have taken Professor Moilys class inproduction management the plant still might be running.Modern production management or operation management (OM) systems firstcame to prominence in the early half of the twentieth century. Frederick W.Taylor is considered the father of operations manage ment and is credited in thedevelopment of the following principles.a. Scientific laws govern how much a worker can produce in a day. b. It is thefunction of management to discover and use these laws in operation of productivesystems. c. It is the function of the worker to carry out managements wisheswithout question.Many of todays methods of operation management have elements of theabove stated principles. For example, part of actual Requirement Planningsystem (MRP) is learning how workers to hire, fire, or lay idle. This isbecause it we realize the a worker can only produce so many widgets a day, canwork so many hours a day, and so many days a year.I will disagree with principle c in that the worker should blindlycarry out the wishes of management. Successful operations are based upon a two-way mix of thought and suggestions from management to labor. This two-way flowof ideas is incorporated into another modern system of operations management,the Just - In - Time system. Eastman Kodak gives monetary rewards to employeeswho devises an improvement in a current process or suggests an entirely newprocess of manufacturing. Often a small suggestion can yield a big reward whenapplied to a manufacture item.BodyIn this project we are presented with the following information boundsfor pricing decisions, market share determination, the product explosion matrix,sales history (units per month at average price), unit value, setup man-hours,running man hours, initial workforce, value of inventory, on hand units. Wealso know that we have eight end products, four subassemblies, eight parts, andfour raw materials. The eight end products are comprised entirely from the

Custom Essays: Fortinbras and the Good Life -- GCSE Coursework Shakesp

Fortinbras and the Good Life critical point lives completely part of the good life. He dies. Laertes lives only part of the good life. He dies. Fortinbras lives the good life. He becomes the king. The ultimate fates of these iii characters describe how close each of them come to the good life. Hamlet and Laertes are at the edge of two extremes, while Fortinbras is somewhere in between. In a sense, not living the good life causes the demise of both Hamlet and Laertes, physically as well as mentally. In contrast, living the good life allows Fortinbras to become the king of Denmark and live out the rest of his life in peace. These three characters play out three very different aspects the good life only Fortinbras lives the good life. The good life is one of overcoming obstacles, being true to oneself, and corporate trust reason with emotion. The ability to deal with extreme losses--and even losses that are not so extreme--is a necessary part of anyones life. Life is never soddin g(a) all humans must deal with that tell of imperfection. Hamlet is totally incapable of dealing with the death of his father, a major setback in his life. His state of mourning, at the beginning of the play, is not intrinsically terrible, as all humans must mourn the deaths of loved ones at some point in time. However, when Hamlet takes this mourning to extreme depression, saying of his father, A was a man, take him for all and all, / I shall not look upon his like again (1.2, 187-188), he is implicitly telling the sense of hearing that it is beyond his capacity to cope with his fathers death. In this admission, he is denying the first component of the good life working through the difficult times in life. In his efforts to make his coping easier, and fo... ...onstructs of society. Anything else would be uncivilized. Works Cited Erlich, Avi. 1977. Hamlets Absent Father. Princeton Princeton University Press. Fineman, Joel. 1980. Fratricide and Cuckoldry Shakespeares Doubles. In Representing Shakespeare New Psychoanalytic Essays, edited by Coppelia Kahn and Murray M. Schwarz. Baltimore and London The Johns Hopkins Press, 70-109. Fleissner, Robert. 1982. Sullied Or Solid Hamlets Flesh at one time More. Hamlet Studies 492-3. Fowler, Alastair. 1987. The Plays Within the Play of Hamlet. In Fanned and Winnowed Opinions Shakespearean Essays Presented to Harold Jenkins, edited by John W. Mahon and Thomas A. Pendleton. London and New York Methuen. Freud, Sigmund. 1953-74. The Standard Edition of the collar Psychological Works. 24 vols, trans. James Stachey. London Hogarth.

Grapes Of Wrath And Of Mice And Men: Character Study :: essays research papers

Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men Character Study     The American Novelist, John Steinbeck was a powerful writer of dramaticstories about good versus bad. His own views on writing were that not onlyshould a writer make the story sound good but also the story written shouldt to each one a lesson. In fact, Steinbeck focused many an(prenominal) of his novels, not on averageliterary themes rather he tended to relay messages about the many hard truths oflife in The United States. Upon winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962 theSwedish academy introduced him by saying "He had no mind to be an un collide withending pouffe and entertainer. Instead, the topics he chose were serious anddenunciatory" This serious focus was not exempt from his two works "The Grapesof Wrath" and "Of Mice and Men". "The Grapes of Wrath" has been recognized bymany as "the greatest novel in American History" and it remains among thearchetypes of American culture. Although "Of Mice and Men" may not havereceived as much(prenominal) fanf atomic number 18 as the other it is still a great classic that wasrecently made into a motion picture.     The focus of "The Grapes of Wrath" Is one family, the Joads, who hasbeen kicked off their Oklahoma farm and forced to move to California to look forwork. The story has historical significance as it is true that many familieswere forced, in the same government agency as the Joads, to leave their homes to look forwork during the depression. It is in this fact that one can see how Steinbecksintention in "The grapes of Wrath" was to depict the hardships people went through with(predicate) during an actual event in American history. Perhaps the most solemnmessage in this novel was the poor treatment of the dispossessed families asthey reached California. In "Of Mice and Men" the reader is presented with astory that takes place in the same setting of "The Grapes of Wrath" This storydetails the hardships of two traveling companions while they are working at aranch in California.     The common thread between these two novels is not necessarily the plotor the setting rather, it is the substance in which Steinbeck relays his message.That is to say that, although both novels carry different story lines they bothportray hard truths about human suffering. Steinbeck reveals these truthsthrough his depiction of characters. In each story it seems that the characterswere crafted by Steinbeck in a bias manner so as to emphasize the overallmessage of the book. It is quite obvious that all of Steinbecks characters are

Free College Essays - The Power of a Single Act of Iniquity in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Scarlet Letter  The Power of a Single Act of annoyance          The world of Puritan New England, like the world of today, was filled with evil temptations. Some people were able to withstand these temptations unfortunately, many others fell victim to the evil. A single act of iniquity was sufficient to devastate a persons biography. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester, Chillingworth, and Dimmesdale were each destroyed mentally and physically by one sinful act that mushroomed to overcome their lives.   Hesters life was the one which most externally displayed the destruction inflicted upon it by wrong-doing. Physically, she stood on the scaffold of pillory, an infant on her arm, and the letter A in scarlet, unbelievably embroidered with gold thread upon her bosom (The Scarlet Letter 66). Because of the A, the entire community knew she had sinned, and she became a social outcast. In her attempts to pay penance for her sins, she lived a life of poverty, donating most of her income to charity. However, even the most lowly and wretched of the creatures in Boston, which she helped, not unfrequently insulted the hand that fed them (87). Furthermore she left behind her beauty and elaborate crop for a dress of the coarsest materials and the most sombre hue (86). Hesters sin also harmed her forefront and soul. The joy she found in knitting, like all other joys, she spurned it as a sin (87). Also, she suffered each time she saw Dimmesdale. A mutual love remained between them, but they could not show the love. Even a brief encounter with Dimmesdale, the father of her daughter, would cause a deeper throb of pain for, in that brief interval, she had sinned anew (89). Moreover, at one point, she had begun to lose faith in the fact that her daughter was human. She began to believe the sayings of townspeople who had given out that poor little Pearl was a demon offspring (100). Hence her body and mind suffered greatly for her sin of adultery. Roger Chillingworths life was also destroyed by his evil. The most noticeable of his changes was the degradation of his physical appearance. When he was first seen in the novel, there was a remarkable intelligence in his features, as of a person who had so cultivated his mental part that it could not fail to mould the physical to itself and fabricate manifest by unmistakable tokens (67).

Free College Essays - The Power of a Single Act of Iniquity in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Scarlet Letter  The Power of a Single Act of Iniquity          The world of Puritan New England, like the world of today, was make full with evil temptations. Some people were able to withstand these temptations unfortunately, many others fell victim to the evil. A goofgle act of iniquity was sufficient to devastate a persons life. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester, Chillingworth, and Dimmesdale were each destroyed mentally and physically by one diabolical act that mushroomed to overcome their lives.   Hesters life was the one which most externally displayed the destruction inflicted upon it by wrong-doing. Physically, she stood on the scaffold of pillory, an infant on her arm, and the letter A in scarlet, fantastically embroidered with gold thread upon her bosom (The Scarlet Letter 66). Because of the A, the entire community knew she had sinned, and she became a social issuecast. In her attempts to pay penance for her sins, she lived a life of poverty, donating most of her income to charity. However, even the most lowly and wretched of the creatures in Boston, which she helped, not unfrequently insulted the hand that fed them (87). Furthermore she left behind her beauty and elaborate dress for a dress of the coarsest materials and the most sombre hue (86). Hesters sin also harmed her mind and soul. The joy she found in knitting, like all other joys, she rejected it as a sin (87). Also, she suffered each time she adage Dimmesdale. A mutual love remained between them, but they could not show the love. Even a brief encounter with Dimmesdale, the father of her daughter, would cause a deeper pound of pain for, in that brief interval, she had sinned anew (89). Moreover, at one point, she had begun to lose faith in the fact that her daughter was human. She began to believe the sayings of townspeople who had given out that poor little Pearl was a demon offspring (100). Hence her body and mind suffered greatly for her s in of adultery. Roger Chillingworths life was also destroyed by his evil. The most noticeable of his changes was the degradation of his physical appearance. When he was first seen in the novel, there was a remarkable intelligence in his features, as of a person who had so cultivated his mental part that it could not fail to mould the physical to itself and become manifest by unmistakable tokens (67).

Mis †Walmart Essay

INTRODUCTIONA Management culture establishment (MIS) is a dodge or process that provides schooling require to manage organizations effectively. Management information system gives the business managers the information that they need to make decisions. Early business computers were used for simple operations such as tracking inventory, billing, gross revenue, or payroll data, with little detail or structure but now days it has been replaced by the advanced techniques like ERP, EPM, SCM and SAP. Management information systems be distinct from regular information systems in that they are used to analyze other information systems applied in operational activities in the organization. story OF WALLMARTSam Walton who is a businessman from ARKANASAS, begin his carrier with retail industry and started working on June 3, 1940. On July 2 1962 he opened first walmart push away city store find in ARKANASAS. Walmart is maven of the most technically advanced companies in the world and rea son behind this is availability of accurate and up to date information which intern a basis of its growth in the market. And for collecting the accurate information on time it is necessary that management should constantly review the information, which is possible only by an integrated management system. Walmart became one of the first companies in retail sector to use MIS.MIS IN DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS OF THE governance 1.OPERATIONS In the world of retailing, Wal-Mart has what is considered to be the most sophisticated dissemination system called Retail Link. This system connects each store with headquarters and over 2,000 suppliers so that they go out never run out of or have too much inventory. Wal-Mart turns over their inventory more than any other retail store. The current altercate exists with supplying their overseas stores, especially while this is the area that they are concentrating on growing. In order to become more efficient overseas, Wal-Mart has started is on Customs Brokering discussion section to take care of its global procurement, which saves them brokering and freight forwarding fees, and also gives them more control. They have also started to request strongly that their suppliers also be physically located in the countries where Wal-Mart is to better supply them.Procurement of materialWalmart is a bulk purchaser and they follow centralised purchased system, so the company directly procure the materials from manufacturers therefore eliminating all the intermediaries and middlemen. This is essential to reduce the cost and offer best pricing. They first find out the potential supplier and then after getting prices from everyone the forget decide finally according to the cost structure of the offer. For efficiently managing this information wall mart uses EDI model(electronic data interchange) it is basically a computer based system of walmart in this system the computers of suppliers and vendors are connected with walmart. EDI enables supp lier to download purchase order along with store to store deals information related to their intersection like no of crossroad sold, no. of product received. As supplier receives the information about sales of various products, the supplier shipped the required goods to different walmart statistical distribution centres. Basically it is a high speed integration system between supplier and walmart and which is very alleviateful in do the process fast and efficient. expatriateA company owned transportation system also assists Wal-Martin shipping goods from warehouse to store in less than 48 hours. This allows Wal-Mart to replenish the shelves 4 multiplication faster than its competition.Wal-Mart owns the largest and most sophisticated computer system in the private sector. It uses a MPP (massively parallel processor) computer system to track stock and movement which keeps it abreast(predicate) of fast changes in the market . info related to sales and inventory is disseminated visi ts advanced satellite communications system. MPP is basically used to track the movement of goods and stock aim and information for this is transmitted through advanced satellite communication system. So when the information about movement of goods is transmitted it automatically generate the information and hold up it on to transportation department and from there the logistic facility is ensured.Inventory managementWal-Mart invested heavily in IT & communication system to effectively track sales and merchandise inventories in stores across all the outlets in the country. For this company of necessity to have excellent communication system. And Walmart is using the technique of PRETTY DARN mobile DISPLAY (PDQ) TECHNIQUE. In this technique the company asked its suppliers to ship goods inshore-ready displays called pretty darn quick (PDQ) displays.Goods were packed in PDQ displays that arrived at the stores ready to be boarded on the racks.WalMarts employees could directly replace the empty racks at the stores with fully packed racks, instead of refilling each and every item at the racks.HUB AND SPOK SYSTEM in the early1970s, Wal-Mart became one of the first retailing companies in the world to centralize its distribution system, pioneering the retail hub-andspoke system. Under the system, goods were centrally ordered, assembled at a massive warehouse, known as distribution centre (hub), from where they were dispatched to the individual stores (spoke). The hub and spoke system enabled Wal-Mart to achieve significant cost advantages by the centralized purchasing of goods in huge quantities. And also the used of RFID technology (radio frequency identification) this technique is used to replace the immobilise coding technique and increase the dexterity of employees because with this employees are no longer requires to physically scan the bar code thus it improve efficiency and reduce the stock outs.ReorderingWal-Mart built an automated reordering system link ing computers between Procter & Gamble (P&G) and its stores and distribution centres. The computer system sends a signal from a store to P&G identifying an item low in stock. It then sends a resupply order, via satellite, to the adjacent P&G factory, which then ships the item to a Wal-Mart distribution centre or directly to the store. This interaction between Wal-Mart and P&G is a win-win advise because with better coordination, P&G can lower its costs and pass some of the savings on to Wal-Mart. Thus walmart is efficiently using the MIS to achieve efficiency and cost minimization.2. MARKETING FUNCTION (MIS)Marketing activities are directed toward schemening, promoting, and selling goods and services to satisfy the needs of nodes and the objectives of the organization. Marketing information systems reinforcement decision making regarding the marketing mix. These include 1. 2. 3. 4. Product Price Place PromotionSources of Data and Information for Marketing Boundary-Spanning and Transaction Processing Subsystems A marketing information system relies on external information to a far greater degree than other organizational information systems. It includes two subsystems designed for boundary spanning bringing into the truehearted data and information about the marketplace. The objective of marketing research is to collect data on the actual customers and the potential customers, known as prospects.The identification of the needs of the customer is a fundamental starting point for total quality management (TQM). Electronic commerce on the WEB makes it easy to compile statistics on actual buyer behaviour. Marketing research software supports statistical analysis of data. It enables the firm to correlate buyer behaviour with very detailed geographic variables, demographic variables, and psychographic variables. Marketing (competitive) intelligence is responsible for the gathering and interpretation of data regarding the firms competitors, and for the dissemi nation of the competitive information to the appropriate users. Most of the competitor information comes from corporate annual reports, media-tracking services, and from reports purchased from external providers, including on-line database services. The Internet has become a major root of competitive intelligence.Marketing Mix SubsystemsThe marketing mix subsystems support decision making regarding product induction, pricing, promotion (advertising and personal selling), and distribution. These decisions are integrated into the sales forecast and marketing plans against which the ongoing sales results are compared.Product SubsystemThe product subsystem helps to plan the introduction of new products. Continually bringing new products to market is merry in todays competitive surroundings of rapid change. Although decisions regarding the introduction of new products are unstructured, information systems support this process in several ways Professional support systems assist d esigners in their knowledge work DSSs are used to evaluate proposed new products With a DSS, a marketing manager can score the desirability of a new product. Electronic meeting systems help bring the expertise of people dispersed in space and time to bear on the problem Information derived from marketing intelligence and research is vital in evaluating new product ideas.Place SubsystemThe place subsystem assists the decision makers in making the product available to the customer at the right place at the right time. The place subsystem helps plan the distribution channels for the product and track their performance. The use of information technology has dramatically increased the availability of information on product movement in the distribution channel.Promotion SubsystemThe promotion subsystem is very much the most elaborate in the marketing information system, since it supports both personal selling and advertising. Media selection packages assist in selecting a mix of avenues to persuade the potential purchaser, including direct mail, television, print media, and the electronic media such as the Internet and the WEB in particular. The effectiveness of the selected media mix is monitored and its composition is continually adjusted. Database marketing relies on the accumulation and use of extensive databases to segment potential customers and reach team with personalized promotional information. The role of telemarketing, marketing over the telephone, has increased. Telemarketing calls are well supported by information technology. Sales management is thoroughly supported with information technology. client profitability analysis helps identify high-profit and high-growth customers and target marketing efforts in order to retain and develop these accounts.Sales force automation involves equipping salespeople with portable computers laced into the corporate information systems. This gives the salespeople instantaneous plan of attack to information and free s them from the reporting paperwork. This increases selling time and the level of performance. Access to corporate databases is sometimes accompanied by access to corporate expertise either by being able to contact the experts or by using expert systems that help specifies the product meeting customer requirements.Price SubsystemPricing decisions find a degree of support from DSSs and access to databases that contain industry prices. These highly unstructured decisions are made in pastime of the companies pricing objectives. General strategies range from profit maximization to forgoing a part of the profit in order to increase a market share. Information systems provide an opportunity to finely segment customer groups, and charge different prices viewing on the combination of products and services provided, as well as the circumstances of the sale transaction.Sales ForecastingBased on the planned marketing mix and outstanding orders, sales are forecast and a full marketing plan is developed. Sale forecasting is an area where any quantitative methods employed must be tempered with human insight and experience. The actual sales will depend to a large degree on the dynamics of the environment. Qualitative techniques are generally used for environmental forecasting an attempt to predict the social, economic, legal, and technological environment in which the company will try to realize its plans. Sales forecasting uses numerous techniques, which include Group decision making techniques are used to force out broad expert opinion Scenario analysis in which each scenario in this process is a plausible future environment Extrapolation of trends and cycles through a time-series analysis.3.FINANCEFor the pecuniary year ending January 31, 2011, Wal-Mart reported a net income of $15.4 billion on $422 billion of revenue with a 24.7 percent gross profit margin. The corporations international operations accounted for $109.2 billion, or 26.1 percent, of total sales. It is the worlds 18th largest public corporation, according to the Forbes Global 2000 list, and the largest public corporation when ranked by revenue. Walmart on an average hire about 10000 employees every year and on opening every single store Walmart employees 300 new employees. Their main source of funds is there sales and basic expenditure goes on building new stores and employees salary.Job Hierarchy at Wal-MartHuman ResourcesWal-Mart is the largest non-government employer in the world. They realize that disorder is high in retail, but that their associates are one of their most important assets. Their written policy regarding associates is as follows they are encouraged to maintain the highest standards of honesty, morality, and business ethics. In order to become a Wal-Mart associate, candidates must take a multiple-choice test and select what are considered the appropriate Wal-Mart responses in order to be hired. Due to the fact that Wal-Mart strives to keep their costs low, they do not offer high wages. They exist on many part-time and temporary workers, do not offer these employees benefits, and do not pay their employees enough to live on. Wal-Mart has a 20-30% cost advantage over competition, as their labor is not unionized. Besides lining current litigation for not paying employees for overtime there are and have been several cases regarding discrimination on the basis of gender (female) that females are often not hired or promoted to be managers.

Principles of Marketing (MRKT 310) Study Guide Essay

OverviewWelcome to the Student Study Guide for Spring 2010. This document leave assist you study throughout the semester and as you prepargon for the common final examinati unrivalledn required for all sections of MRKT 310. Your power subdivision has been instrumental in the chassis of this test. Continue to seek his or her help understanding the material as the semester progresses. Many of the text inventions ar non included in the final exam and your faculty member through written assignments, case studies, conferences, or other methods bequeath assess your understanding of them.UMUC requires all proctored final exams in the School of undergrad Studies be closed book. therefore, no notes or other study aids will be allowed in the examination center. This is a comprehensive final exam covering the entire course. All policies and procedures required by UMUC and the testing center apply.For those of you taking the paper and pencil version of the final exam, there are devi l versions (Version A and Version B) each consisting of an eight-page raise Instrument and a six-page dissolving agent Sheet (pages 9 through 14).You may find it single- harbord functionful to detach the purpose Sheet from the Test Instrument to allow you easier access to both documents. Write your name and section number (e.g., 6980, 6981, 6982, etc.) on the Answer Sheet. You may write on the test instrument, but only responses on the Answer Sheet will be graded.For those of you taking the online version of the final exam, all instructions will be noted on your computer screen. The online final exam is identical to the paper-and-pencil version except for the call into question order. We strongly encourage you to sign up for the online version if it is obtainable at your testing site.Please be warned that this is not an easy test and you should be prepared to spend the entire three-hour time allotment at your proctored testing center. Most of your time should be spent on the utterly and long essays. Do not dwell on the definitions and the multiple-choice sections. You will either sack out them or you wont, depending on your preparation, and you will waste valuable time you will need for the essays.You should be receiving this common student study guide at the beginning of the semester. Print it out and keep it close at hand. Be confident(predicate) to review it sleeplessly and ask your faculty member any explicate questions on either test format or content prior to the first day of finals week. Once finals week has begun, your faculty member will not be able to answer any questions regarding the final exam.When you finish your exam, return BOTH the Test Instrument and your completed Answer Sheet to your proctor. Answer Sheets returned without the Test Instrument will not be graded.Part I Definitions (25 percent)You will need to know the definitions for 25 merchandise terms. You will read the definition and make the correct answer from the Word Ba nk. Then, print the number of the correct term on your answer sheet.Following is the exact Word Bank as it will appear on your final exam.WORD BANKAll correct terms for the above 25 recitements sack up be found on this list.1. defect2. set proposition3. sales promotion4. maturity5. motive6. economic environment7. microenvironment8. direct commercialiseing9. consumer perceived measure out10. animationstyle11. merchandise mix in12. market division13. consumer market14. trade information system15. carre quatern mix16. value verbalisey network17. SWOT analysis18. intensive dispersal19. price elasticity20. positioning21. commercialization22. Product life cycle23. product24. target market25. culture1. Brand is a name, sign, symbol, slogan or anything that is implementd to identify and distinguish a specific product, service, or business.2. Value proposition is an analysis and quantified review of the benefits, costs and value that an geological formation can deliver to customers and other constituent groups within and outside of the organization.3. Sales promotion is one of the four aspects of promotional mix. (The other three parts of the promotional mix are advertising, personal selling, and publicity/public relations.) Media and non-media merchandising communication are employed for a pre-determined, limited time to increase consumer demand, stimulate market demand or improve product availability.4. Maturity5. Motive An emotion, craving, physiological need, or similar impulse that acts as an incitement to action.6. Economic environment Economics is the social acquaintance that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.7. The micro-environment consists of stakeholder groups that a firm has regular dealings with. The way these relationships develop can affect the costs, quality and overall success of a business. Suppliers, distributors, customers and competition.8. Direct marketing is a form of advertising t hat reaches its audience without using traditional formal channels of advertising, such(prenominal) as TV, newspapers or radio. Businesses communicate straight to the consumer with advertising techniques such as fliers, catalogue distribution, promotional letters, and street advertising.9. Consumer perceived value The value of a product is the mental estimation a consumer makes of it. Formally it may be conceptualized as the relationship between the consumers perceived benefits in relation to the perceived costs of receiving these benefits. It is often expressed as the equation Value = Benefits / personify10. Lifestyle A manner of living that reflects the persons values and attitudes.11. Marketing mix Product, price, place and promotion. Packaging, People, Public Voice, Pamper, Politics and Physical Evidence.12. Market segmentation Market segmentation is a system that involves dividing a larger market into subsets of consumers who have common postulate and applications for th e goods and services offered in the market. These subgroups of consumers can be place by a number of different demographics, depending on the purposes behind identifying the groups. Marketing campaigns are often designed and implemented based on this type of customer segmentation.13. Consumer market A defined group of consumers. Buyers and potential buyers of goods and services for personal and household use14. Marketing information system Set of procedures and practices employed in analyzing and assessing marketing information, gathered continuously from sources inside and outside of a firm. Timely marketing information provides basis for decisions such as product development or improvement, pricing, packaging, distribution, media selection, and promotion. See also market information system.15. Product mix Range of associated products which yield larger sales revenue when marketed together than if they are marketed individually or in isolation of others.16. Value delivery netwo rk A Value Delivery is a orders supply chain and how it partners with specific suppliers and distributors in the process of producing goods and delivering them to market. It involves using competitive advantages external to the firm (suppliers, distributors, customers).17. SWOT analysis A scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of the strategic planning process. Environmental factors internal to the firm usually can be classified advertisement as strengths (S) or weaknesses (W), and those external to the firm can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T). Such an analysis of the strategic environment is referred to as a SWOT analysis.18. Intensive distribution Marketing scheme under which a firm sells through as many outlets as possible, so that the consumers encounter the product virtually everywhere they go supermarkets, drug stores, gas stations, etc. ticklish drinks are generally made available through intensive distribution.19. Price el asticity Is an elasticity used in economics to show the responsiveness of the measuring demanded of a good or service to a change in its price.20. Positioning In marketing, positioning has come to mean the process by which marketers tense up to create an image or identity in the minds of theirtarget market for its product, brand, or organization.21. Commercialization is the process or cycle of introducing a new product into the market.22. Product life cycle A new product progresses through a sequence of stages from introduction to growth, maturity, and decline. This sequence is known as the product life cycle and is associated with changes in the marketing situation, thus impacting the marketing strategy and the marketing mix.23. Product An item that ideally satisfies a markets want or need.24. Target market Involves breaking a market into segments and then concentrating your marketing attacks on one or a few key segments.25. Culture Represents the behavior, beliefs and, i n many cases, the way we act learned by interacting or observing other members of society. In this way, much of what we do is shared behavior, passed along from one member of society to another.Part II Multiple Choice (20 percent)There are 20 multiple-choice questions from which you can select a, b, c, or d responses. Be careful as closely multiple-choice questions will have at least two choices that look feasible. Select the one that is the most on point. The multiple-choice questions are both definitional and application types. Select the correct letter of your choice and write it on the Answer Sheet in the appropriately numbered box.The following list comprises those concepts from the text, which you can expect to be assessed via the final exam. They are presented in order of the course objectives.Course Objective 1 understand how marketing strategy creates a irresponsiblerelationship between a firm and its customers. (Chapter 1)1. family relationships between needs, wants, demands is the process by which companies determine what products or services may be of interest to customers, and the strategy to use in sales, communications and business development.1 It is an integrated process through which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return. Marketing is used to identify the customer, to keep the customer, and to satisfy the customer.With the customer as the focus of its activities, it can be concluded that marketing concern is one of the major components of business anxiety. The evolution of marketing was caused due to mature markets and overcapacities in the last 2-3 centuries. Companies then shifted the focus from production to the customer in order to keep profitable.The term marketing concept holds that achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions.2 It proposes that in order to satisfy its organizational objectives, an organization should bear the needs and wants of consumers and satisfy these more effectively than competitors.2. Marketing management orientations An organization with a market orientation focuses its efforts on 1) continuously collecting information or so customers needs and competitors capabilities, 2) sharing this information across departments, and 3) using the information to create customer value.3. The market orientation simply defines an organization that understands the importance of customer needs, makes an effort to provide products of high value to its customers, and markets its products and services in a coordinated holistic program across all departments. In what we call the Marketing Concept, the company embraces a philosophy that the Customer is King.The Marketing Concept is an attitude. Its a philosophy that is driven down throughout the organization from the very top of the management structure. The Marketing Concept com municates that the customer is king. Everything that the company does focuses on the customer. Via the Marketing Concept, a company makes every effort to best understand the wants and needs of its target market and to create want-satisfying goods that best fulfill the needs of that target market and to do this better than the competition.The termmarketing concept holds that achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions.2 It proposes that in order to satisfy its organizational objectives, an organization should anticipate the needs and wants of consumers and satisfy these more effectively than competitors.4. Partner relationship management is a business strategy for improving communication between companies and their channel partners.5. Importance and process of Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a company-wide business strategy designed to reduce costs and increase profitability by solidifyin g customer satisfaction, loyalty, and advocacy.True CRM brings together information from all data sources within an organization (and where appropriate, from outside the organization) to give one, holistic view of each customer in real time. This allows customer facing employees in such areas as sales, customer support, and marketing to make quick yet informed decisions on everything from cross-selling and upselling opportunities to target marketing strategies to competitive positioning tactics.Course Objective 2 Appreciate the importance of ethical motive and social responsibility in marketing. (Chapter 20)Differences between consumerism and environmentalism is a social and economic order that is based on the systematic creation and fostering of a desire to purchase goods or services in ever greater amounts. environmentalism is a broad philosophy and social movement regarding concerns for environmental conservation and improvement of the state of the environment.1. Sustainable m arketing principles2. Role of ethics and corporate responsibilityCourse Objective 3 Understand the role of marketing within an organization and how marketing relates to and drive customer-focused company strategy.(Chapter 2)1. Marketings role in company wide strategic planning2. Difference between value chain and value delivery network 3. Contents of a marketing plan and general idea of what is included in each section 4. Consumer (or customer-driven) oriented marketing strategyCourse Objective 4 Describe the impact of external and internal environments on marketing strategy. (Chapters 3, 18)1. major(ip) actors in a companys microenvironment2. Major forces in a companys macroenvironment3. Competitive positionsCourse Objective 5 Demonstrate ability to analyze, synthesize and integrate key marketing concept of market research, consumer behavior, segmentation, targeting and positioning on practical situations. (Chapters 4, 5, 7)1. Difference between a marketing information system an d marketing intelligence 2. Psychological factors affecting a persons buying choices 3. Marketing targeting strategiesCourse Objective 6 Define and apply the marketing processes underlying product, price, place, and promotion decisions. (Chapters 8, 9, 10, 12, 14)1. Product and service classifications2. trine levels of products3. Branding strategies4. Customer equity5. Characteristics of servicesproduct life cycle strategies6. Role of profits in delivering customer value7. Setting prices based on customer perceptions of value8. Differences between direct and indirect marketing channelsPart III Short Essay Responses (25 percent)There are six short essay response questions but you need to complete ONLY FIVE. All of the short essay questions are looking for something specific and may involve a listing of steps or stages in a marketing process. It will be difficult for you to answer these questions unless you know the material. You do not have to use the exact terminology, but you do have to demonstrate you know the steps or stages for maximum credit.Your essay responses need to be recorded on the Answer Sheet in the space provided (approximately l/3 page), but if you need additional room you may use the shag of the Answer Sheet. Be sure to mark the continued question number clearly. Leave the essay question you are skipping blank. Each short essay response is worth 5 points.Chapter(one question per chapter)Marketing concept to be tested2Elements in a companys microenvironment and why each group is important to create value 20Be prepared to name a company you believe practices enlightened marketing and defend your selection 8Importance and selection of the four brand strategy decisions. 8Characteristics of services9Marketing strategies for each stage of the product life cycle 11Pricing strategies for new productsThere are three long essay questions that will require you to merge multiple marketing concepts and apply them to a specific scenario. You ONLY NEED T O predict TWO OF THE THREE LONG ESSAYS. The more specifics you can demonstrate the more credit you can earn.You may want to outline your response on the backside of the Test Instrumentprior to writing your response on the Answer Sheet so you can organize your thoughts and in the sequence you want them presented to your faculty member for grading. Each long essay question is worth 15 points.The long essay questions will cover the following marketing topics1. Integrated Marketing Communications Be prepared to recommend an IMC strategy including a marketing communications mix and rationale for a new consumer product2. Customer Relationship Management Be prepared to outline a CRM strategy for a small business, including recommendations for specific CRM tools to capture customer value for that companys most valued customers.3. Segmentation, targeting and positioning Be prepared to outline the characteristics of at least three distinct market segments for a national chain referring to the criteria for effective segments. Be prepared to defend your choices.From all your marketing faculty members good luck on this exam and the remainder of your academic career.

Divine Power and Divine Retribution in Jose Saramago’s Blindness Essay

Divine Power and Divine Retribution in Jose Saramagos Blindness unveiling Often, writers in literature pilfer from the world of reality in their quest to present compelling characters and gripping patchs. Nonetheless, others replicate the real world in an go up sense to sensitize or communicate the malicious and malignant threats, epidemics and crimes prevalent in the world. Such episodes of these phenomena inflict mass threats and destructions, nefarious villains as well as innocent victims who apparel and enthrall refreshedists. In some instances, divine requital follows the nefarious villains as well as grapples the ignorant innocent victims. This is well presented by Jose Saramago in his epic novel, Blindness. This paper explores divine power as well as divine retribution in the book Blindness by Jose Saramago sway that divinity intervention follows in instituting justice. Besides, divinity intervenes to punish ignorance. Indeed, the novel does non state explicitly that th e onus of the swiftly hitting epidemic is resultant from the reach of a divine power such as God. However, the author does not resist writing on a divine power, God. This is because Jose Saramago introduces and trails the action of the churches in supplementing the organisations effort to contain the fleck. Moreover, thither are multiple references to church leaders all observable in the novel. Besides, Jose Saramagos presentation in the novel suggests that divine retribution followed a nefariously villainous person. He or she was inflicted or struck with blindness. Additionally, it is interesting to note that literal authors cannot write a masterly work in a spiritual, religious or cultural vacuum. Deductively, it is evident that Saramago alludes to divine intervention and divine retribution. Interestingly, the Blindness novel depicts a thrilling plot with an incessantly straying bank clerk from presentation of dialogues and facts to reflection on moral academic and ethical an alysis at great lengths. Divine intervention and retribution features at the onset of the story in the prototypal page. It is here that the author dexterously delineates in detail the expected features at an ordinary road intersection. These accommodate flickering of lights and pedestrians crossing the road. Everything is a routine, and the events unfold as usual. However, a car at the intersection does not move or give way to the craft behind, in spite of the flickering green light, creating an unusual situation. The author is innate to this situation and goes on to consider rational motives behind the cars stillness. He states, there have to be some mechanical flaws, a loose accelerator, a stuck gear level, suspension problems (1-2) and domainy other listings of things that could have gone wary. This situation does not go unnoticed because a bystander comes to the attention of the driver. He opens the door catching the attention of the driver as well as the referee. It then d awns to the reader that the driver was struck with blindness. This is rather bellowing and discomforting. It is not incidental that blindness just hit the driver cum blind. The cause of the blindness can lonesome(prenominal) be explained in terms of divine retribution or intervention. Saramago twists and turns the novel literally betwixt calamities. The Good Samaritan that came to the aid of the blind man later emerges that he is a thief. On driving the old man home, he steals his car. It is rather ironical that the good natured helper turns to be an immodest, insensitive and hands down thief. Indeed, it is unlawful for an able person to take advantage of a handicapped person and exploit them taking advantage of their helplessness. The reader is appareled by the thief and further wishes for divine punishment. Therefore, the thiefs catching of blindness comes as a sigh of relief to the reader for what he or she considers as an immoral and ungracious act. The scene of people being struck with blindness becomes an incessant phenomenon in the following pages. The narrator trails the lives of victims, and it emerges that they all had crossed paths one way or another. It is here that the narrator philosophizes divine retribution and intervention as calamity strikes the nation ravaging and resulting to outbursts among people with Im blind, Im blind uproars. In a series of skits between philosophical argument and conventional wisdom, the narrator presents a vivid account of the actions and motives of the escort and the car thief. Finally, blindness strikes these characters long in the first place the narrator can conclude on the cause of the pesterer. Interestingly blindness strikes immediately without any bouts to announce its arrival. Divine retribution causes a fierily give of the plague without a scientific explanation or physical symptoms. Blindness strikes swiftly, strangely and impartially. For instance, the recreate realizes that he too is blind while w atching television. The plague replicates in nature and strangeness to ancient floods and plagues that were acts of divine retribution such as in the bible. A clout to divine retribution is protracted from the doctors wife. She is the only victim of blindness who separates humane flaws and godly affairs thereby attributing the epidemic to divinity. According to her, this is unbearable filth of the soul of a human. Of the human body (279). According to the narrator, she said, as if to correct this metaphysical thought, then she added, it is all the same (Saramago 279). The reader is left the quarry of the thoughts of divine power and retribution. Arguably though, wherefore does divine power not punish the malicious and nefarious villains, as well? Thomas Talbott in his article, Punishment, Forgiveness and Divine Judgment argues that retributivist punishment theory. He justifids punishment by questioning if the punishment befits the error or crime committed. Therefore, punishment is not a rehabilitation or crime deterrence slit but a justice and equality feature (Talbott, 154). Just like other narrations, the Blindness narrator is obsessed with the behavior of people when put nether extreme conditions. It is interesting to see the huge and expansive wary and panic among people following the blindness plague. Indeed, such a mega scale panic and hearty disarray contends the prevalence of a divine power with much stronger abilities than man can think. Different institutions in the society fall and crumble thanks to the plague for fear of the plague. The military cannot contain the massively and swiftly spreading plague create a heat of battle and confusion amidst the crisis. The government is also initiated into the crisis. It imposes a quarantine effort to control the contagion unsuccessfully resulting to collapse of the media, military and businesses. Divinity fabling is also evident in the identity of the characters in the novel. For instance, the author doe s not give them real names but rather opts to identify them in generic form. For instance, there is the blind man, the Good Samaritan cum the car thief, the doctor, the doctors wife among many others. The book begins with the first blind man trailing him as his eyesight elopes while at an intersection, in his car. The first blind man is rescued by the Good Samaritan who takes him home. Later on, the good Samaritan steals his car and eventually loses sight. Indeed, divine retribution strikes and the thief is blinded just like other stately souls. The level of blindness infliction is as a resultant of divinity. It trails people who have crossed paths. For instance, the doctor was struck with blindness. Interestingly, he had attempted to treat the first blind man. People who had sat at the waiting room also got struck with blindness. Saramago presents the proclamations of the churches and the church leaders, as well. They preached the end times claiming that the world was coming to an end. The narrator states, they were proclaiming the end of the world. He adds that they preached, redemption through the visions of the seventh days, through penitence, the purity and sanctity of the lymph, the black cats blood, the sleep of the shadow, the logic of anthropophagy, the uphill of sea, painless castration and mainly divine tattoos.. (Saramago, 298). This presents the existence of divine power that claimed the people.ReferencesCooper, Kate, and Thomas Talbot. Punishment, Forgiveness and Divine Judgment. Retribution, repentance, and reconciliation papers read at the 2002 summertime Meeting and the 2003 Winter Meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK Published for the Ecclesiastical History Society by the Boydell Press, 2004. 154. Print.Saramago, Jose. Blindness a novel. New York Harcourt, 1998. Print.Source schedule

Revenge in Hamlet and Frankenstein

William Shakespe bes play Hamlet and Mary Shelleys invigorated Frankenstein are both about revenge the enemy, while the cardinal novels may seem Hamlet and Victor Frankenstein fight for the deal they loved. But important telephone circuit in the attitude of revenge, Hamlet is very confuse revenge or not. But Victor never thought not kill the monster.Through its explanation of the characters, Hamlet and Frankenstein, who have different attitudes to the fact their loved people have died, it is suggested Prince Hamlet only focuses on revenging his uncle Claudius While Frankenstein Victor wants to stop the act of cleanup spot innocent people, but chasing on the monster until his death. Prince Hamlet full of despair and grief to love and life. Since Hamlet knows the truth about his fathers death, he begin treat Ophelia ruthless. At the beginning, old Hamlet was a start, Hamlet love Ophelia deeply.We can see from the letter wrote from Hamlet to Ophelia doubt thou the star are fire, doubt that the sun doth move, doubt truth to be a liar, but never doubt I love. (2. 2. 115-118) When Hamlet back, he realized Ophelia already dead, he finally breaking down What is he whose grief bears such an emphasis, whose phrase of sorrow conjures the wandring stars, and make them stand standardized wonder-wounded hearers? This is I, Hamlet of Dane. (5. 1. 245-249) I love Ophelia. Forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love. (5. 1. 58-259) We can see from here Hamlet love Ophelia so much, why he keeping botheration Ophelia with rude attitude and hurtful language? Why Hamlet doesnt tell Ophelia truth? I think perhaps he has own trouble, maybe he doesnt want Ophelia turns into this tragedy. Even though she knows the all things, she can t help Hamlet anymore, it will increase the risk of revenge. Another debate why Hamlet cant continue keep romantic relationship with Ophelia because has to revenge, which is not appropriate to have romantic relationship Old juncture also makes important affect to prince Hamlet.Claudius killed Old hamlet, it is the beginning of prince Hamlet get grief. At same time, his life is totally changed. He is not a squirt anymore, he force grown up to a man. When Hamlet knows the truth about his fathers death. He swears he will revenge his uncle, because his uncle uses poisonous substance murdered old Hamlet. O most pernicious woman O villain, villain, smiling damned villain (1. 5. 105-106) So uncle, there you are. (1. 5. 111). Hamlet is suffering, To be or not to be (3. 1. 7) exactly shows that his confuse and grief. Hamlet done many considering of the process of revenge, cause that considering, he lose many opportunities can kill Claudius. If he makes decision decisive, maybe Ophelia wouldnt die. Hamlet love his father deeply, he was a man. Take him all in all. I shall not look upon his like again because of this love, he felt he doesnt believe anyone, everyone in this world is against to him. It feel s like he is the only man alive in this world. He is lonely.No one can understand his sad. He haunted by his fathers loss, we can see from my father-methinks I see my father, O where my lord? In my minds eye, Horatio. (1. 2. 185-187) Old Hamlet appears in his mind, the memory of Old Hamlet makes Hamlet feels grief. After his family and friends are killed by his creature, he feels fineable and blames himself everyday. He has the responsibility end of killing, because he created the monster. His guilty and blames force him chasing on the monster.He has nothing to confuse, he only got one choice, which is kill the monster. Many people died for Victors creature. Victor cant feels monster pity anymore, because he kills many innocent people, this is all because of him. Finally, Victor and monster both died. To summarize, these two tragedies has lots of similarities and differences, there are a thousand Hamlets in a thousand peoples eyes. While Frankenstein and his creature both very pi ty. The monster try to live with human, join this society. But he cant.

Marketing assignment Essay

1.1 Ryanair ar pi whizers of low cost airlines in europium operating more than 1600 daily flights from 57 bases across 1600 low far routes connecting 180 destinations in 29 countries. They recently announced that they possess ordered 175 new Boeing craft. 1.2 In order for Ryanair to occur the costs to a minimum, their airline uses small, regional airports only to annul operational costs and operates as a point-t-point airline carrier, thus when former(a) airlines avoiding the cost associated with a hub-and-spoke service. 1.3 Ryanair advertises its self as a The low f be airline and has a impairment promise under which it will salary soprano the difference if a customer finds the same flight cheaper elsewhere.1.4 They pay as little as possible for their aircraft. They get big discounts on aircraft because they sully them when former(a) airlines want them. 1.5 They spend as little as possible on advertising. They do non take advertising agencies kinda all of their advertisi ng is do in-house. 1.6 They dont use expire agencies, so they dont pay commissions. Ryanair uses direct merchandising to recruit and retain customers and to extend products and operate to them and this reduce cost. You book online or on the internet. This saves 15% on agency fees.Question 2Kulula and Mango are South Africas low cost airlines. These airlines have in some areas imitated the Ryanair business model. 2.1 Kulula uses Lanseria Airport as an alternative to OR Tambo airport which can be attributed to reduction operational costs. Ryanair makes use of smaller airports instead of the large brisk airports to reduce costs and reduce the time between flights.2.2 The low cost airlines in South Africa, such as Kulula and Mango too upsell products such as car hires, travel packs and hotel accommodation. This is similar to the business model of Ryanair. 2.3 The low cost airlines in South Africa besides reduce their costs by not including food on the fare you can buy your food i f you want. 2.4 To make bookings simpler the customers of Kulula and Mango can also book and buy flight tickets at Shoprite/Checkers for theres is no commission paid to travel agencies. The internet online process also exists for self-service of making bookings.Question 3The merchandising environment consists of Micro and Macro environment. According to Kotler and Armstrong (201290) Micro environment consists of the actors close to the company that affect its ability to serve its customers such as the company its self, its suppliers, its marketing partners, customers and the general public. The macro environment is said to consist of the larger societal forces that affect the macro environment such as political, economic, social, technological, natural environment, and legal poser (Kotler & Armstrong, 2012) 3.1 The Micro environment3.1.1 CompanyRyanairs mission is to keep their customers happy by extending a simple service and that involves maintaining low-cost fares, such as pas sing no meal options or extended service elements such as beverage consumption, thus keeping labour-related costs low and inviting the more petty(a) or thrifty consumer to enjoy travel to regional destinations without the worry of excessive airline expense.3.1.2 SuppliersSuppliers are very important to the company and they are the determining component part for Ryanair to keep customer value. In a running an airline Ryanair require a lot of fuel but they are unable to influence their suppliers since the price of fuel is controlled by external bodies such as OPEC(Ryanair Annual Report, 2004). 3.1.3 CompetitorsThe increasing number of competition with carriers offering lower-cost fares is impacting the consumer mentality regarding which carrier to choose when travelling in spite of seeance European destinations. 3.1.4 commercialiseing PartnersRyanair does not use advertising agencies instead all their advertising is done in-house by doing so they are cutting cost and making sure that they maintain low cost strategy. They simple use adverts that tell passengersthat Ryanair has low fares. 3.2 Macro environment3.2.1 PoliticalThe external political environment is one of significant advantage to Ryanair, as the majority of its operations are contained within Europe. It is relatively common knowledge that this region maintains political stability, thus Ryanair does not mystify issues with governmental instability in Europe as a concern regarding passenger volumes or flight destinations. 3.2.2 TechnologicalThe technological environment does not appear to significantly impact the firm in a negative capacity as the firm. Additionally, supply cosmic string software programs and other integrated software applications are available to assist Ryanair in streamlining labour functions and improve internal organisational efficiency. 3.2.3 EconomicalEconomical factors in the Euro region such as the Greece debt issues, increased unemployment in Spain and other countries ha ve a negative impact in the number of customers for air travel like Ryanair.Question 4Low cost airline offer a no-frill service, they sell the cheapest tickets you can buy. Unlike branded airlines that argue that passengers are willing to more for a better level of service. These are the reason I would not use low cost airlines such as Ryanair. 4.1 Customer religious serviceRyanair offers poor customer service such as when your bag is unkept into no compensation is provided. It is also reported that their staff is unfriendly and rude. Ryanair also do not make provisions for fragile items that you wish to carry on the aircraft with you. Musical instruments and sporting equipment can be taken but at a fee. 4.2 Value added servicesThere is no complementary food and what is offered is big-ticket(prenominal) and unhealthy. 4.3 Misleading pricingThe policy of 70% sets sold at lowest fares and 30% at higher fares can be misleading. This means that you may not always be paying the lowest price for the fares. 4.4 ConvenienceRyanair does not offer convenience as you cannot chose seat. You also cannot change flights. Their plains are old and offer low comfort. They use secondary airports which tend to be smaller regional airports.Question 5Ryanairs objective is to firmly establish itself as Europes leading low-fares scheduled passenger airline through and through continued improvements and expanded offerings of its low-fares service. Ryanair aims to offer low fares that generate increased passenger traffic composition maintaining a continuous focus on cost-containment and operating efficiencies 5.2 Understanding customer needs and wants5.2 Design a customer driven marketing strategy5.3 stool an integrated marketing program that delivers superior value5.4 Build profitable relationships and create customer delightQuestion 66.1 Product or ServiceLow cost, no frills air travel to Europian destinations. There is no free food or drink on-board. Food and drink are income st reams. You buy on-board, or you do take your own food and drink if you like. 6.2 PriceRyanair has low fares. 70% of seats are sold at the lowest two fares. 24% of seats are charged at higher fares. The last 6% are sold at the highest fare.6.3 PlaceRyanair does not use travel agents so it does not pay agency commissions. It uses direct marketing techniques to recruit and retain customers, and to extend products and services to them (i.e. Customer Relationship Management). This reduces costs. You book online over the Internet. This saves them 15% on agency fees. They are based in Stansted in Essex which is known as a secondary airport. It is new and accessible. It is cheaper to fly from Stansted than any Heathrow or Gatwick, and since it is less busy Ryanair can turn aircraft around more quickly. 6.4 PromotionThey spend as little as possible on advertising They do not employ an advertising agency. Instead all of the advertising is done in-house. In fact OLeary himself oversees much of the promotion of Ryanair. They use simple adverts that tell passengers that Ryanair has low fares. Ryanair employs disceptation to promote its business. For moral in 2009, the company reasoned that passengers would be charged 1 to use the toilets on board.OLeary reasoned that passengers could use the terminals at either the destination or arrival airport. This would speed things up. It was reasoned that this is what passengers wanted since they did not want other passengers leaving their seats and walking the aisles to go to the toilet. OLeary also argued that larger passengers should be charged more since they took up more room again it was reasoned that this is what the majority of passengers wanted. 6.5 PeoplePilots are recruited when they are young as pilot cadets. They work hard and take early promotions and then move on after 10-years or so to further their careers. Cabin crew pay for their uniforms to be cleaned. They invest in their own training. They are mainly respo nsible for passenger safety as well as ancillary revenues onboard6.6 Physical narrateThey pay as little as possible for their aircraft. Planes are the most expensive asset that an airline can make. They get big discounts on aircraft because they buy them when other airlines dont want them, for example after September 11th, or on the invasion of Iraq and Afghanistan. Aircraft manufacturers cannot simply stop a supply chain in minutes. If orders are being cancelled or delayed, this is when to buy. It was rumored within the industry that Ryanair was buying Boeing 737s list price around 40,000,000 (forty million pounds) with up to a 50% discount. 6.7 ProcessThere is no check in. You simply show your passport and supply your reference number. You cannot select a preferred seat. It is low gear come, first served. This aid speed. There are no air bridges (the tunnel that connects to the side of the aircraft when to board it). You walk or are bused to the aircraft. Baggage is deposited directly onto the terminal its quick. However if your bag is broken dont expect high levels of customer service.Question 77.1 Cultural factorsRyanair has addressed a global heathen need for leisure travel by making their prices extremely low and the easy availability of tickets operating between two points. One of the factors that influence consumer fashion is social class such as peoples income. Ryanair get most of their business from lower income group.7.2. Social factorsOne the factors that influence consumer factors is the social factors such as consumers small groups family and social roles. According to the case study Ryanair make use of buzz marketing by their controversial promotions. This influences people opinions about their services as it gets people to discuss the controversial promotions.7.3 Personal factorsPersonal factors are influenced by personal characteristics such as customers age and liveness cycle stage, occupation, economic situation, life style and pers onality and self-concept. The people that would be influenced into buying Ryanairs would need to have an easy going personality and not be concerned much about the service of the airline since many of the luxuries are removed from the service.7.4 Psychological factorsA persons buying choices are further influence by four psychological factors motivation, perception, learning and beliefs and attitudes. Customers that would be influences to use Ryanair are customers that believe that are getting value for money through the low cost pricing.Question 8Consumer market consists of individuals and nursing homes that buy goods and services for their personal consumption. These would normally be consumer goods such as soft drinks, cosmetics, travel and household goods. Ryanairs consumer market is the individuals in the European region that use air travel as a form of transportation.Question 9Below is an example of Ansoffs Matrix which shows growth strategies that organisations can use to ex pand their operation followed by the explanations for each growth strategy (Riley, 2012).Figure 1 Ansoffs matrix. Sourced from Riley (2012)9.1 Market penetrationMarket penetration is when the company expands in the same market victimization the same products. For Ryanair, market penetration would involve increasing the number of flights in the same routes. This way they are in the same markets and using the same service. 9.2 Market DevelopmentMarket development requires the companies to enter new markets while using the same products. For Ryanair, this would require the company to go to new markets such as Africa, Asia or America using the same low cost air travel service. 9.3. Product DevelopmentProduct development means that in order to expand the company must introduce new products or services in the existing market. For company like Ryanair, product development would mean that they introduce new service such as business class or first class into the existing market.9.4 Diversifi cationDiversification is when the company seeks to enter into new markets with new products. For Ryanair diversification could mean that the company introduces new services such as leisure sea cruising. This would also mean that the company moves into a new market since leisure sea cruising would require different destinations and customer base.ReferencesRiley, J. 2012. Ansoff Matrix. online. Available at http//www.tutor2u.net/business/strategy/ansoff_matrix.htm Accessed on 02 September 2013. Kotler, P. and Armstong, G. 2012. Principles of marketing. 14th edition. Essex Pearson.

How far do you agree that the ‘Domino Theory’ explains US intervention in South East Asia in the 1950’s? Essay

The Domino opening is a significant motive in explaining US intervention in Vietnam, as not only the government accepted it, but the wider American Public did as well. However, there are other(a) factors that influenced the US at the time, such as the Power vacuum in Vietnam after Dien Bien Phu, the Geneva accords and the loss of China to communism. The Domino theory is the theory that if one country f wholes to communism thusly that communism would spread until all the countries have fallen to it. The US intervened because of this as there was a great fear of communism around at the time.McCarthyism had retributive become a major issue, with many government officials organism accused of being communist and as Truman had lost China, Eisenhower knew that if he lost Vietnam, then his popularity would get together greatly as the US public would think he was soft on communism. As a result, he would not be re-elected. The domino theory was significant because if Indochina fell to com munism then there was a risk of the US losing Japan, after the effort the US put into restoring Japan after WW2 and all the trade that came from Japan, the US couldnt afford for Japan to be threatened. Another significant reason why the US intervened in southwesterly East Asia was the bureau vacuum after Dien Bien Phu.The French were defeated and withdrew from Vietnam, and the US were worried that China, or even perhaps the Soviets would begin to take control. Then Ho Chi Minh emerged as a potential leader Ho had spent time in Moscow and the US viewed him as a communist rather than a nationalist, which meant they feared him being in power and therefore, they had to get involved in South East Asia. Alternatively, the US may have intervened in South East Asia because of the lack of assent in the Geneva accords. The Geneva accords ended the war between France and the Viet Minh but partitioned Vietnam along the 17 parallel. Eisenhower was concerned that the power of North Vietnam mig ht cause the accords to fail.If forgive elections were held then Vietnam would become a united communist country. Thus, Eisenhower adopted a policy of supporting Diem economically and militarily, to help contain communism. In addition, Eisenhower felt Ho had triumphed at Geneva and felt he had to restore US prestige, this led to SEATO being created and as a consequence, further involved the US in South East Asia.In conclusion, the Domino theory was a very significant reason as to why the US intervened in South East Asia in the 1950s. although, other factors were of equal importance as everything just added together until the US had no choice to act or else they would have lost the respect of the other countries. I think that the main factor was communism, around that time, everyone feared it and as a result, Eisenhower had to act.

Food Waste? Too valuable to waste! Essay

According to statistics from the environmental Protection Department, in Hong Kong, solid moulder generated mundane weighs around 17000 tones, of which around 30% is innate matter (2700 tones) which is roughly equal to 120 double-deck buses in size. Comp bed this to the US where, revealed by the Environmental Protection Agency, scarce 12% of beetle off stream was scrap of diet in 2005. Extra cargon in disposal is necessary for these putrescible sucks, otherwise nuisance to the environment impart be caused. solid regimen crazy non only causes a feculent choking smell, but withal dis frissons a huge tot up of concentrated greenhouse gases, methane and polluted water, in all(prenominal) of which are leading to the planetary warming that we highly concerned about.All the fare wastes are receivedly disposed to landfills, however all the existing landfills will be saturated within 5 years. Construction of new landfill is a worry because of a lack of available space that is distant away from residential areas. Therefore, seeking out choice ways for victuals waste treatment has become an imperative for the government. Before discussing cutting food waste at its source, there is another possible destiny for surplus food besides disposal Food recycling. The food waste for food recycling can be categorized into two parts comestible (bread, vegetable and meat) and inedible (bones and eggshell).Food suck Processor Basically, inedible food wastes are useful in that they can be recycled and reused. Through natural biodegradation by bacteria, all the organic waste will be converted into organic fertilizer and soil stabilizer.According to the journal of Food waste composting sustainable organic waste management (Jonathan, 2003), in some advanced countries in Europe, central food waste treatments has been ripe for years. All the domestic food waste will be collected and transported to central composting facilities which are installed far away from the residential areas. However, this huge facility is not available to Hong Kong owing to the limited area.The Ecotech Food Waste Processor, a new technology for the same purpose is being tested in Hong Kong, including Hong Kong International Airport, admit estates and universities. Due to the tiny space of Hong Kong, it is well-designed for being used in small communities such as restaurants and lodgment estates which are the main sources of food waste. A large processing capacity 100kg per day is supported with a small sized machine.The automatic processor is easy to operate and is equipped with self-adjustment of temperature and moisture which are determining(prenominal) parameters for the speed of reaction. Also, the specially formulated microbes and materials are used in the processor to increase the rate of biodegradation. To conjure up the transportation efficiency, the volume of food waste will be reduced by about 90% in 24 hours. The composite fertilizer contains high nutri ent value including nitrogen which is a major element for plant growth.This new technology is suitable for Hong Kong, as it has limited space. All the food waste can be recycled and become useful materials rather than being disposed in landfill. Besides minify the load of landfill, the valuable organic materials, which are transformed from the waste, are nutrients to our health and the Earth. Since vegetables grown by organic fertilizer is much healthier to human than those grown by chemical fertilizer. Therefore, this processor should be widely used in Hong Kong in order to minimize the amount of food waste and sack public awareness of this exigent problem.Surplus Food DonationThe Environmental Protection Department stated that the amount of food wasted by Hong Kongs restaurants, vehementels, and food manufacturers has more than doubled in the past tense five years.Effort should be focused on collecting leftover food donation as a huge pile of edible food waste is created fro m restaurants every day. Foodlink is a nonprofit scheme working on this aspect. It takes surplus food from over 40 hotels and restaurants and delivers it to charity groups such as radix of Love in Sham Shui Po and Action Care that works with the less privileged communities in society.Regarding to an article The food chain (Grace, 2012), about one million people in Hong Kong are ache from hunger and struggling to fill their stomachs. Freshly cooked food is something that they cannot support on a daily basis, peculiarly for the one million people in Hong Kong who are living below the poverty line. Actually, those government-sponsored food banks only provide canned or prepackaged food which is unhealthy in the long term. On the contrary, the hot leftover food from the hotels and restaurants is nutrient rich.In fact, this creates a triple win situation for the landfills, charities and hotels. By examining the amount of excess food that transport to the charity, the hotel can determi ne the appropriate quantity of food for each day. Eventually, not only less food waste will be produced, but the cost of excess food production and food waste treatment can be reduced and eliminated. Also, less recyclable food will be wasted and disposed to landfills. Therefore sponsorship to those charities and public promotions is an obligation for the Hong Kong government.As the old face goes Prevention is better than cure, cutting the food waste at its source is the best ways to solve this issue. However, despite there being less food waste being disposed to landfills, the food waste problem will continue to occur if the eating arrays do not change.Food waste charge Similar to the solid garbage charges being promoted in the past few months, food waste charges could be implemented in restaurants to minimize this problem commercially. According to Friends of the Earth, in the catering industry, hotel buffets and restaurants that offer all you can eat are the major sources of une aten food, which then goes into the landfills.Many customers whose eyes are bigger than their stomachs commonly order far more dishes that they are able to consume, so the surplus food eventually has to be disposed of. Some hot pot restaurants that provide all you can eat strictly charge the leftover food per kilogram in order to minimize theproblem. However, only a few hotel buffets in Hong Kong are willing to charge for the uneaten food since it may lower its attractiveness. In foreign countries, London and the States are good role models that are attempting to use this policy to solve the food waste issue. A Chinese restaurant Kylin Buffet in London will charge a $32 wastage tilt for the excess food. A guilty fee is imposed to charge the uneaten food in a Japanese restaurant located in Manhattan.In order to enhance the popularity of food waste charges, promotion and communications with restaurants are necessary for the government. Through this policy, it arouses public awarenes s of food waste so that the eating habit may finally improve. Since the food waste fee acts as a reminder and warning to customers to shake off self-adjustments to their appetite.All in all, for thousands of years, famine has continued to happen somewhere throughout human history. In fact, the current food production and storage in the world is more than enough to support the whole populations if we are able to minimize food waste. The food waste processor, leftover food donation and fee charging are the substantive measures to minimize the food waste and reduce the load of landfills from two main aspects (usage and source of food waste). As a Chinese proverb says every grain is from hard toil, hardship is required in food growing, we should cherish food and respect the nature that nurtures us.(1261 words)References1. Food Waste Management in HK. (2011). Environmental Protection Department. Retrieved from http//www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/prob_solutions/owt_foo d.html2. Municipal unscathed Waste in The United States 2009 Facts and Figures. (2010). Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from http//www.epa.gov/wastes/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/msw2009rpt.pdf3. Jonathan, W. (2003, May). Food waste composting sustainable organic waste management. New Horizons, 3, 12-13. Retrieved from http//www.hkbu.edu.hk/cpro/online_pub/nh0203/nh0203_12-13.pdf4. Monitoring of Solid Waste in Hong Kong Waste Statistics for 2011. (2012). Environmental Protection Department. Retrieved from https//www.wastereduction.gov.hk/en/materials/info/msw2011.pdf5. Grace, T. (2012, April 19). The Food Chain. Retrieved from http//hk.asia-city.com/city-living/article/food-chain6. ordering Less Waste Less. (2012). Friends of the Earth. Retrieved from http//www.foe.org.hk/welcome/geten.asp?id_path=1,%207,%2028,%20150,%204310,%204566

Dell Goes Back to its PC Roots Essay

dell is a computer political party that made its name by starting time merchandising personal computers directly to customers through their website, catalogs, and over the phone. As time passed, dingle expanded into connect to crossway line of works while battling aggressive rivals such as Hewlett Packard and Apple, striving to be the number one consumer brand in the United States. Despite ample research and marketing investment, Dells strategy to expand into some early(a)wise related increase lines did not succeed, and the company was forced to regain its focus on PC sales. This facial expression includes the steps taken by Dell to uphold its legendary PC grow.Key Marketing Issues nock A name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that identifies one marketers product as distinguishable from those of other marketers. Dell is shining up its brand by modify customer service, which is especially big as PC sales grow more easy throughout the attention and competitor s dig in to defend market grant.Early Adopters People who adopt revolutionary products early, choose modernistic products cargonfully, and atomic number 18 viewed as the people to check with by later adopters. Dell is not looking to innovator revolutionary recent lines for early adopters, but has gone back to their PC roots, emphasizing related photographic plate stead products.Innovators foremost adopters of new products. melodic phrase Extensions Development of a product that is closely related to existing products in the line but is designed specifically to meet different customer needs. Over the years, Dell has expanded into related product lines while battling rivals, hoping to obtain larger revenues.Product Line A group of closely related product items viewed as a unit because of marketing, technical, or end-use considerations. Over the years, Dell has expanded into related product lines while battling aggressive rivals, hoping to derive an ever-larger portion of revenues and profits from a wider mix of products for use beyond the home office. Product Mix The composite, or total, group of products that an organization makes available to customers. Dell has returned to its PC roots, emphasizing computers and laptops, inkjet and optical maser printers, networking equipment, and related products for home office use, after the failure of their consumer electronics strategy.Product Life Cycle The progression of a product through four stages introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Dell introduced the Dell Digital Jukebox and Dell Music inject to compete with Apples iPods and iTunes store. However, Apple had so much momentum that Dell was forced to spare its own brand of music players. Personal Case AnalysisI learned that Dell first made is name selling personal computers directly to customers through its website, catalogs, and phone orders. With a long accounting of marketing technology-based products, Dell has become a well-known U.S. brand. Despite considerable research, Dells search to enter the lucrative $100 billion world of consumer electronics did not succeed. Although Dell faces intense competition from other consumer electronics companies, they never stop looking for new ways to shine up its brand by improving customer service, an especially important step as PC sales grow more slowly throughout the industry and competitors dig in to defend market share. Case Questions1-Why would Dell not pioneer revolutionary new products for innovators and early adaptors the way its competitor Apple does? consort to wsu.edu, an early adaptor is a person who quickly adopts something new-usually a technological innovation. Our text defines innovators as first adopters of new products. Today Dell has gone back to its PC roots, emphasizing computers and laptops, inkjet and laser printers, networking equipment, and related products for home and office use. Because of its failed gets to launch new products, the company is not looking to pioneer revolutionary new lines for innovators or early adopters. Instead it adds new features to products with a proven market, finds ways to make production more cost effective, and seeks to distribute both Dell and non-Dell products as efficiently as possible.2-In what stage of the product living cycle do personal computers come to the fore to be? How does this explain Dells attempt to expand into consumer electronics? According to answers.ask.com, a products life cycle describes the stages products experience when introduced to the market. There are four general stages including introductory stage, when marketers raise consciousness of the product growth stage, when increase in market share is sought mature stage, when producers of the product suck up maximized market share and minimized costs and the decline stage, when competitors entering the market erode market share and profits begin to decline (anwers.ask.com).The stage that Dells personal computers appe ar to be in is the maturity stage. With a long history of marketing technology-based products, Dell has become a well-known U.S. brand. Their vigilance saw the brand as a strength to exploit in marketing new flat-screen televisions, exact digital music players, and other non-computer products. Dell launched its consumer electronics items just as major technological developments were roiling the industry and changing how consumers buy and use such products.Dell was caught in the crossfire of intense competition. At the start of the consumer electronics initiative, the company introduced the Dell Digital Jukebox and the Dell Music Store, putting it on a competitive hit course with Apples popular iPods and iTunes store. Dell discontinued its brand and has been reselling products made by Samsung and other manufacturers. This allows Dell to satisfy customer demand for certain for consumer electronics without incurring the high cost of research and development.3-How remote can Dell wi den its product mix without hurting the companys credibility? For example, what readiness be the impact of new products such as Dell motorcycles or Dell frozen pastries? According to enotes.com, the product mix of a company, which is generally defined as the total composite of products offered by a particular organization, consists of both product and individual products. A product line is a group of products at heart the product mix that are closely related, either because they function in a similar manner, are sold to the same customer groups are marketed through the same types of outlets, or fall within effrontery price ranges.Over the years, Dell has become a popular U.S. brand, which was viewed as a strength to bulge into the market of new flat screen televisions, digital music players, and other products. Although Dell did a considerable amount of research and development to make these products a success, the strategy did not succeed. For this reason, Dell should not attem pt to widen its product mix, because it has been proven that doing so will hurt the companys creditability. Dell motorcycles or Dell frozen pastries would definitely hurt the companys creditability, because they are known as a number one computer company. Dell should continue to develop and emphasize computers, printers, and other home office related products to maintain its creditability. ConclusionsFor Dell to continue to successfully market to its consumers and uphold its legendary PC roots and name brand, they must develop the optimal product line by understanding buyers goals. The product life cycle is also an important concept to make sure the introduction, alteration, and termination of a product are timed and executed properly, helping to better maintain profitable products and drop unprofitable ones. Although Dell does not pioneer revolutionary new products for innovators and early adopters the way its competitors does, they stand strong in the PC market. Line extensions, h owever, are used to successfully take market share from competitors.

Distance Education Essay

Similarities and Differences amongst Richard total heat Lee and Abraham Lincoln A reserved man, Abraham Lincoln rarely talked ab show up his childhood. He was too embarrassed by his crude family background. (Gienapp, 1) He also knew little about his ancestry, save for what his father doubting doubting doubting Thomas repeatedly narrated about his grandfather being killed by Indians eyepatch sedulousnessing to open a farm. (Gienapp, 1) He was born in a cardinal-room log cabin, built by his own father. He grew up on a farm, which was at first rented, only when ultimately was paid for by his father from his pains winning labor as carpenter and cabinetmaker.Although he was barely literate, he performed several official duties and appeared several times in the topical anaesthetic records of his community, having a scrupulously h adeptst and moral reputation. On the some early(a) hand, Richard Henry Lee was the scion of atomic number 53 of the colonys first families. The firs t Richard Lee came from Worcester, England where their family was into the manufacture and trade of cloth. Upon the deaths of his parents, their mothers comrade was a warded guardianship of him and his collar brothers. Richard was send to America to help expand the family business.Twenty-five years since his arrival in Jamestown, Richard Lee had amassed 10,000 acreas, three plantations in Jamestown and accomplished an impressive commercial empire that spanned both sides of the Atlantic. The civil war in England and the Cromwellian interregnum had little affected the Lee businesses. By the restoration, Richard had decided to move his family to England, grooming the eldest, John, for eventually assuming control of the family business in England and America. Upon Richards death at forty-five, he had madely ensured that his three sons would play along the familys flourishing transatlantic commercial empire.John and Richard II returned to the colony and divided focal point of the b usiness. The third son, Francis, stayed in capital of the United Kingdom as their father wished, to be the familys London commercial agent. This secondly generation of Lees shifted the family business from fur trading to tobacco, showing an adaptability to challenges pleasantryhin the economy and Virginias provincial government. When Richard II became the familys patriarch, he learned the advantage of fostering cordial relations with the provincial government as the surest way of retaining royal patronage.This practice was continued by the third generation of Lees. Thus, despite the disarray in their transatlantic interests following the death of their London sibling, Thomas, the third patriarch tended to political matters in Virginia and shied away from their London affairs. Thomas entered the political arena with a short-lived first attempt, the second was not only successful in the House of Burgess but advanced further to the Council of State. His marriage produced six children , one of whom was Richard Henry.Richard Henry Lee was ten when the family moved into the comfortable Stratford Hall. His boyhood was spent running around the plantation grounds, making friends with the children of the slaves donjon on the plantation, unfettered by parental supervision. (McGaughy, 17) In stark contrast, Abraham Lincolns look was that of a typical pioneer farm boy doing chores, such as hauling water and chopping wood, and aid in the fields. The area was heavily wooded, and since he was remarkably strong for his age, the tall youngster was shortly muckle to work clearing land with an axe.He later recalled that from then till within his twentythird year, he as almost constantly handling that most useful instrument less, of course, in plowing and harvesting seasons. (Gienapp, 3) Thomas Lee devoted a tremendous amount of time and vim making sure his sons were hustling to assume their legacy when the time came. (McGaughy, 18) He understood the value of providing hi s children with formal education. Three different tutors catered to the childrens needs in reading, writing, mathematics, Greek, Latin and religion.In addition the children were introduced to dance, music appreciation and performance lessons seriously. They were later sent to England to continue their studies. This, perhaps, more than some(prenominal)thing, else fostered a close bond between him and his children. The sudden deaths of both parents when Richard Henry was in his teens was strongly felt. He isolated himself from the rest of the family and articulated his feelings in a poem that was later sculptured on Thomas gravestone. The last verse was concluded with what limit can there be to our regret at the loss of so dear a friend (McGaughy, 32).The other Thomas, Thomas Lincoln, on the other hand, was barely literate and did not put much value on education. Abraham and his sister Sarah attended local schools for short periods only and by the time he was seven, Abraham still co uld not write. Yet, even as a child, Abraham exhibited a burning desire for knowledge and self improvement. He was described to have no energy for anything except reading. He read and re-read the limited books that his stepmother, though illiterate herself, valued knowledge, brought to their house. His father did not sanction of his constant reading.Thos Lincoln never showed by his actions that he thought much of his son Abraham when a boy, one Hanks family member noted, adding, He treated him rather unkind than otherwise. Dennis Hanks admitted that Abrahams father sometimes slashed him for neglecting his work by reading. (Gienapp,7) This would explain Abrahams closeness to his stepmother as his friend, rather than his father, unlike the Lees. He later said that she had been his trump out Friend in this world and that no Son could love a Mother more than he loved her. (Gienapp, 5) He supported himself by manual labor until he reached twenty one and he had moved to New Salem, Illin ois where he continued his self-education while working as storekeeper, militia master key and postmaster. He lost in his first bid for the state legislature but won a seat as a Whig 2 years later. He served four terms and gained state-wide favouriteity for his homespun wit and integrity. This time, Lincoln began his private study of the law, borrowing books from a local attorney, and earned his license to practice in 1836.He settled in Springfield, the new capital, aft(prenominal) his marriage to Mary Todd of Kentucky and became one of Illinois ablest lawyers. He was elective to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1847 for a single term, during which he gained attention for his opposition to the Mexican War and the intromission of Slavery. He switched to the new Republican Party in the next election and ran for the U. S. Senate against Stephen A. Douglas, to whom he lost. The race attracted case attention because of the widely reported debates over the issue of slavery in t he territories.Ironically, his winning opponent had inadvertently granted him the break not only to resume his political career, but set him on his course to the White House. This was the Kansas-Nebraska Act which repealed the original prohibition of slavery in the region of the Louisiana Purchase and replaced it with popular sovereignty to decide on the status of slavery. The ensuing hell of a storm (Gienapp, 49) correctly predicted by the proponent, Senator Stephen Douglas, brought together Whigs, Democrats, Free Soilers in indignant protest.Pondering Douglas motivations and the significance of this legislation, Lincoln seemed more withdrawn than coarse on the circuit. Back home in Springfield he began reading the congressional debates on slavery, taking notes at the State Library for future use. (Gienapp, 49) On February 27, 1869, he delivered his famous Cooper Union speech, where he lambasted the federal government on the slavery issue, to an influential audience. In July, h e won the nomination for electric chairial term on the third ballot at the Republican convention. The following November, Lincoln won over 3 other candidates with only 40% of the popular vote.This was unacceptable to Southern politicians South Carolina, quickly followed by 10 other states conveniently used this pretext to secede from the Union. When he arrived in Washington for his inauguration as the countrys sixteenth president, the Confederate States of America had been formed. In 1747 Thomas Lee had been appointed president of Virginias Council of State. Two years later, he assumed the regulatorship. As a tobacco planter, he was pertain with having access to western lands, target for Englands and Frances rivalry for dominance in North America.With other planters, they directed their efforts toward trade and cultivation of new lands for tobacco production. Thomas established the Ohio Company of Virginia, which had been likened to the Virginia Company established in 1606, from which the Jamestown settlement sprung. His will gave one of his two full fortunes to his eldest son, Philip. The second full share he divided equally among the younger sons led by Richard Henry. The two oldest sons realized the significance of vigorous association in the Ohio Company and in Virginia politics.In their fathers absence, they could only achieve any gains if they put family above personal interests. Richard Henry decided to fulfil his fathers aspirations. Richard Henry and his first cousin Richard Squire won a seat each in the House of Burgesses. They were shortly followed by Thomas Ludwell and Francis, both Richard Henrys brothers, and another cousin Henry. Within one election cycle, the Lee family one time again emerged as a powerful voting bloc in the House of Burgesses, especially when have with their many friends and allies, (McGaughy 42)Richard Henry became the spokesman of his family and the Northern Neck proprietors in the capital. He served on several import ant committees that soon put him in a position that challenged Speaker-Treasurer John Robinsons role as leader in provincial politics since 1738. While the governor and the Speaker-treasurer disputed over provincial leadership, Richard Henry worked actively to continue the war against the French. Among his duties was monitoring the British and colonial forces by regular correspondence with the highest ranking officers in Virginias colonial militia.By the time the Board of Trade had authorized the immediate separation of the offices of speaker and treasurer, the governor had announced vacation of his post and returning to England. Richard Henrys role in the effort to conk out the offices of speaker-treasurer helped establish his leadership position in the House. His former tutor Alexander White wrote to congratulate him, though surprised, at how quickly Lee had challenged the established leadership in the House so soon after winning his first election. (McGaughy, 44).Abraham Lincol n entered the presidential office conscious of his lack of administrative experience. But as president and commander in chief, he learned from his mistakes. In his Inaugural address he tried to woo the Secessionists back to the Union, which responded with bombarding Fort Sumter. Lincoln reacted with a firm hand he declared a blockade of Southern ports, authorized the suspension of Habeas Corpus in areas threatened by pro-secessionists. Lincolns conservatism made him accept the fact that only a vigorous war would restore the Union, which was his basal aim.This strengthened his will to win, despite enormous battle casualties and strong political opposition, from his own cabinet members and native fellow Republicans. He was careful not to alienate his basic constituency, the citizenry of Northern and Western states, while advancing the progress of the war. He carefully worded his Emancipation Proclamation to avoid offending loyal but slave owning states in the Union. Like Lincoln, R ichard Henry Lee had a similar affinity for books, which was revealed most when he became a family man and had his own home, Chantilly, away from Stratford Hall.He built an impressive library with almost century titles, covering historical topics and biographies, not to mention scientific, theological and philosophical studies, plus various literary whole caboodle of Shakespeare, Milton, Jonathan Swift and Laurence Sterne. He had conservative views about slavery, himself. like many of his contemporaries, (Lee) expressed contradictory views toward slavery, expressing their hatred of the validation yet refusing to abolish it because he and other planters needed slave labor to run profitable tobacco plantations.(McGaughy, 63) Richard Henrys defiance of convention is best exemplified by his reaction to the enactment of the Stamp Act. He launched his own protest separate from his peers he led a procession to the county courthouse parading effigies of Mercer, the Crown-appointed stamp distributor for Virginia and George Grenville, Britains lord of the treasury. Ultimately, Richard Henrys concerns for his and fellow planters interests overtook the interests of the Crown in Virginia and the colonies.A series of legislations made for the developing of Richard Henry from loyal British subject with the interests of the Crown at heart (in the footsteps of his father and grandfather) to American revolutionary. Their diaphanous childhoods and family backgrounds in no way prevented the occurrence of similarities in their personalities, ambitions, careers, and family lives, not to mention their fathers with the same first names. The antislavery borne out of Abraham Lincolns parents Baptist faith had been internalized in him that he could not not fight for it.His gentle disposition was overcome by his fierce resolve to win the war. But, as mentioned above, he also exercised prudence in words to avoid rocking the boat of his constituents who may have been loyal but were s till slaveowners. As a revolutionary, Richard Henry Lee evolved. It could be described as almost like a natural evolution, if one traces a persons loyalty and interests originate from the self, radiating to the family, to the immediate community and the larger community.When it came to a conflict of interests between his own as a planter, a family man, and Representative of his community as remote to the interests of the Crown, it is easy to deduce whose side he would take. More so, when the interests of the Crown were to the detriment, loss and eventual harm to his family and community. The goals of both Abraham Lincoln and Richard Henry Lee reveal their deep patriotism and mature adherence to what their country (province, as in Lees case) had evolved into. Their political careers were run within a framework of what can be now termed public service in their hearts.