Policing Is Made Up From Many Different People And...

Policing is made up from many different people and organizations. Each state has their own state police department. Policing is more than just police officers out controlling the streets it deals with a lot of behind the scene stuff such as the FBI, Detectives, DEA, Department of Homeland Security, and Federal Air Marshals to name a few. Without policing in today’s society everything would be crazy, laws would not be enforced and all the different types of crime would be at an all-time high. People depend on police officers to protect their lives and property from any kind of vandalism. Law enforcement officers, which include state or federal special agents help perform these duties in a variety of ways depending on the size and type of†¦show more content†¦Today there is a growing amount of police officers that are out there in a variety of ranks but it is the municipal and private sectors that are becoming more visible in the criminal justice field. The FBI is hug e when it comes to policing and what all happens when the FBI deals with a crime scene. â€Å"The FBI is an intelligence-driven and threat-focused national security organization with both intelligence and law enforcement duties. It is the principal investigative arm of the U.S. Department of Justice and a full member of the U.S. Intelligence Community† (FBI, 2016). Since the FBI is so big they cannot focus on their investigations all the same way, they have to break them up and go about each one different. â€Å"The FBI has divided its investigations into a number of different programs, such as domestic and international terrorism, cybercrime, public corruption, civil rights, foreign counterintelligence, organized crime/drugs, white-collar crime, violent crimes and major offenders, and applicant matters† (FBI, 2016). The FBI’s investigative views put importance on close relations and information sharing with other federal, state, local, and international law enf orcement and intelligence agencies. The Drug Enforcement Administration also known as the DEA is responsible for the preventing of drug trafficking within the United States. They work hand in hand with the police to keep

Tv Autobiography - 1985 Words

Analysing TV: Fictions and Entertainments – Television Autobiography I am aware that one of the main themes of this course is critical self-reflection about TV watching; considering my own relationship with TV viewing and how it has changed over time as well as what my attitudes towards TV are, I can think about what they say about the kind of person I am. However, I think it would be useful to point out that I am not a media student and that this course is an elective module for my Sociology Degree. Also, I am a relatively ‘new’ British TV viewer as I lived in Greece my whole life and only came to the UK last year. My early memories of watching TV are very much embedded within me. Ever since I can remember, there was always some sort of†¦show more content†¦There have been times when my TV choices were strongly influenced, even dictated, by the need to conform to the tastes of my peer group. This is due to the fact that there have been series that I felt I had to watch in order to ‘fit in’. This began early on during my childhood years with the TV series ‘Pokemon’ because this was not just a regular TV series; all the children in my class were playing the Pokemon game boy game and were constantly switching Pokemon cards. Pokemon was such a big deal at the time that you were left out if you were not engaged with it and up to date with the series. So peer pressure combined with fashion (games associated with the series) forced me to watch ‘Pokemon’ religiously. However, there have also been times during my life, even up until today, that there are s eries I love but do not admit to watching...I guess I can do so in this essay. When I was younger, my friends and I all went through a tomboy phase which meant that doing anything ‘girly’ was unacceptable. So whenever my friends and I got together we would watch action, adventure and thriller genre movies and series on TV. 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Royal Dutch Shell in Nigeria Operating in a Fragile State free essay sample

Multinational companies have to â€Å"engage in business practices to avoid negative consequences to their stakeholders† (Cullen, Parboteeah, 2011, pg. 127). Multinational companies have to retain basic rights such as: pursuing fair profits and indicating duties provide equal wages for the employees. Prescriptive ethics is to direct multinational managers what they should and should not do. However, Chapter 1 in the text â€Å"Royal Dutch Shell in Nigeria: Operating in a Fragile State,† will provide information and recommendations pertaining many challenges that Royal Dutch Petroleum and Shell Transport and Trading. Subsequently, the analysis will discuss Shell’s operations in Nigeria more at risk and simultaneously more valuable. Furthermore, the analysis will provided an explanation of the implications of the economic system found in Nigeria and what political risks that Shell facing in this country. Explanation will be providing of how important the role of the government is influential of Shell’s Nigerian investments, operations, and future stake in the oil industry. History The Royal Dutch/Shell Group is one of the leading producers of oil, gas, and petrochemicals â€Å"Shell Oil Companies,† which have â€Å"distinguish itself through its commitments to the industry innovation. † The merging of both companies operates as the leading and gas produces in the deep-waters of Gulf of Mexico. Both companies contains four major operational segments includes â€Å"oil and gas, exploration, and production, downstream gas, oil products, and chemical product† (Hague, 2013). Shell Oil Operates as a secondary of the Royal Dutch Group whereas, it the second largest oil company in the world. In 1999, Shell Oil and its U. S. based on colleagues secured 22 percent of the Group’s revenue (James Press, 2001). Revelations of overestimated oil reserves in 2004 impelled a big push for greater transparency in the company’s organizational structure. However, this activity led to the 2005 merging of former publicly trading owners â€Å" Royal Dutch Petroleum and the Shell Transport and Trading Company into Royal Dutch Shell†(Hague,2013). Challenges and Merging of the Royal Dutch Petroleum Once the merging begins, Royal Dutch Petroleum and Shell Transport and Trading proceed; the company will be faced with several challenges. One of the challenges that the company was facing was prescriptive ethical situation developed. Because of the â€Å"Shell Petroleum Developmental Company received the unwelcome award made on the opening day of the â€Å"World Economic Forum (WEF), (Cullen Parboteeah, 2011 pg. 149). The company was named an irresponsible company. However, March 3, 2004 due to these circumstances and Royal Dutch Shell Company was having a difficult time in conducting business, â€Å"Sir Phillip Watts, chairman of the company; was pressed into resigning because of an internal organization proceed to do an investigation and it reveal that Royal Dutch Shell overstated its and natural gas reserves by 20 percent† (Cullen Parboteeah, 2011pg. 149). The only recommendation that could be made was taken care of. The chairman was persuade into resigning because of he could not create a strategy plan whereas; everyone could come to an agreement. However, another challenges that developed was the increasingly gas prices. The Dutch Shell Company was faced with the Nigerian unionized declared a four-day strike against the rise of gas price. The Nigerian union declares a warning strike against the government or the strike would go nationwide. Furthermore, in order to prevent a nationwide strike, the government had to create a plan that would decrease the gas prices at a cheaper cost. The government have to set up multiple meeting so this situation can possible be resolved. Shell’s Operations in Nigeria The Royal Dutch Shell’s operations in Nigeria more at risk because of issues that have been developing over the years. One participant risk that have been continuously an ongoing situations is; political and social strife which have been affecting the Royal Dutch Shell’s oil extraction efforts† (Nigeria, 2010). Another concerns and risks that develop pertains from the militant armed efforts of the movement for the deliverance of the â€Å"Niger Delta, which have been attack over the last several year; forcing Shell to declare force majeure and suspend production† (Nigeria, 2010). Implications of Nigeria’s economic system After examining the implications of the Nigeria’s economic system; Nigeria’s economic system is one of the eleventh largest oil-producer in the world. However, Nigeria’s economic system producers an extremely large percentage of Nigeria’s population are living in poverty. Nigeria’s economic system depends on the oil-sector revenues which represent approximate â€Å"80 percent of the Nigerian government and 95 percent of its export earnings† (Cullen Parboteeah, 2011pg, 152). Nigeria’s oil resources produce about 32 barrels. The multiple risky politics that the Shells could be facing in Nigeria’s is; dealing with different religions and ethnic rivalries, local bullies, and warlords. Local bullies and warlords focus on certain situations to rise, so they will take the opportunities and create their own goals. As a broadband of generalization power beings to develop tends to create potential lethal uncertainty, especially when the rule of laws and legal order was absent† (Cullen Parboteeah, pg. 54). Influential of the Shell’s Nigerian Government The role of the government has a significant impact on the influential of Shell’s Nigerian investments, operations, and the future stakes in the oil industry. The oil-produces† 85 percentage of the economic system revenue and it produces 95 percent of the Nigeria’s economic exports. †(Cullen Parboteeah, 2011, pg. 152). However, most of Nigeria’s oil and g as industries come from the Niger Deltas. Majority of the operational fundamentals are operated by Shell Petroleum Development Company and the other majority of the oil and gas industries are owned by Nigeria’s National Petroleum Corporation and production half of Nigeria’s crude oil. The Nigerian government has some serious influential methods in governing the Nigeria’s growth and creating new techniques for the country. Underlying assumptions, Observations, And Recommendation for Benjamin Aaron The consultant for Royal Dutch Shell, Benjamin Aaron is facing some difficult and major decision to appropriate ways to expand the operational fundamentals in Nigeria. The Nigerian environment has been a highly unstable considering the social, economic, religion, and political conditions are persist there. Furthermore, the Nigerian’s oil-resources were eye-catching to Shell to discard the Nigerian project. However, Shell’s need to figure out suitable strategies for operational in Nigeria since its political costs of continuing business in Nigeria was increasing compared to other regions of operations. In conclusion, the analysis addressed challenges that Royal Dutch Petroleum was facing because of the merging. Included in the analysis, it identified details of Shell’s operation in Nigeria risky. The analysis addressed and explained the implications of the economic system and political risk in Nigeria that Shell was facing. Finally, the analysis addressed the role of the government influenced Shell’s Nigerian resources and identified Benjamin Aaron’s decisions from his underlying, and observations of Nigeria’s government. ? Reference Abuja, N. (2010). Shell’s Nigerian Delta Operations at Risk. Retrieved on May 2, 2013, from http://www. energy-daily. com Cullen, J. Parboteeah, P. (2011). Multinational Management. 5th Edition. Retrieved on May 2, 2013, pgs. 127,149,152 and 154 Hague. (2013). Royal Dutch Petroleum Company the â€Å"Shell Transport and Trading Company† P. L. C. History. Retrieved on May 1, 2013, from: http://www. findinguniverse. com/history International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 41. St. James, 2001. Retrieved from://www. findinguniverse. com/company history of Shell Oil Company.

Models Of Disability Are Tools For Defining Impairment Social Work Essay Essay Example

Models Of Disability Are Tools For Defining Impairment Social Work Essay Essay For Models of Disability are basically devised by people about other people. They provide an penetration into the attitudes, constructs and biass of the former and how they impact on the latter. From this, Models reveal the ways in which our society provides or limits entree to work, goods, services, economic influence and political power for people with disablements. Models are influenced by two cardinal doctrines. The first sees handicapped people as dependent upon society. This can ensue in paternalism, segregation and favoritism. The 2nd perceives handicapped people as clients of what society has to offer. This leads to pick, authorization, equality of human rights, and integrating. As we examine the different Models in this and subsequent articles, we will see the grade to which each doctrine has been applied. We will write a custom essay sample on Models Of Disability Are Tools For Defining Impairment Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Models Of Disability Are Tools For Defining Impairment Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Models Of Disability Are Tools For Defining Impairment Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We should non see the Models as a series of sole options with one higher-up to or replacing old sets. Their development and popularity provides us with a continuum on altering societal attitudes to disablement and where they are at a given clip. Models change as society alterations. Given this grade of apprehension, our future aim should be to develop and run a bunch of theoretical accounts, which will authorise people with disablements, giving them full and equal rights alongside their fellow citizens. Social Model of Disability Definition 1l The Social Model positions disablement as a effect of environmental, societal and attitudinal barriers that prevent people with damages from maximal engagement in society. It is best summarized in the definition of disablement from the Disabled Peoples International: the loss or restriction of chances to take portion in the normal life of the community on an equal degree with others, due to physical or societal barriers. Its doctrine originates in US civil rights motion and has been championed by The British Council of Organizations of Disabled People and Rights Now, which calls for self-government. It is advocated in the UK by taking minds such as Dr Steven Duckworth and Bert Massie and has been the steering visible radiation for the The Local Government Management Board and the constitution of the new Commission for Disabled Peoples. It is besides referred to as the Minority-Group Model of Disability. This argues from a socio-political point of view that disablement stems from the failure of society to set to run into the demands and aspirations of a handicapped minority. This presents a radically different position on disablement issues and parallels the philosophy of those concerned with racial equality that racism is a job of Whites from which inkinesss suffer. If the job lies with society and the environment, so society and environment must alter. If a wheelchair user can non utilize a coach, the coach must be redesigned. To back up the statement, short-sighted people populating in the UK are non classified as handicapped. Eye-tests and ocular AIDSs which are either low-cost or freely available means that this damage does non forestall them take parting to the full in the life of the community. If, nevertheless, they live in a third-world state where such eye-care is non available they are badly handicapped. The inability to read and later learn and gather information would be counted as a terrible damage in any society. This Model implies that the remotion of attitudinal, physical and institutional barriers will better the lives of handicapped people, giving them the same chances as others on an just footing. Taken to its logical decision, there would be no disablement within a to the full developed society. The strength of this Model lies in its puting the burden upon society and non the person. At the same clip it focuses on the demands of the single whereas the Medical Model uses diagnosings to bring forth classs of disablement, and assumes that people with the same damage have indistinguishable demands and abilities. It besides offers positive solutions that have been proved to work in, for illustration, Canada, Australia and the USA. The Model faces two challenges. First, as the population gets older the Numberss of people with damages will lift and doing it harder for society to set. Second, its constructs can be hard to understand, peculiarly by dedicated professionals in the Fieldss of charities and rehabilitation. These have to be persuaded that their function must alter from that of remedy or attention to a less noticeable one of assisting handicapped people take control of their ain lives. The Social Model s restrictions arise from its failure to accent certain facets of disablement. Jenny Morris adds a feminist dimension. While environmental barriers and societal attitudes are a important portion of our experience of disablement and do so disenable us to propose that this is all there is, is to deny the personal experience of physical and rational limitations, of unwellness of the fright of deceasing. ( Pride against bias, 1991 ) Black disable people face jobs of both racial and disablement favoritism within a system of service proviso designed by white able-bodied people for white handicapped people. Definition 2 The societal theoretical account has been developed by handicapped people in response to the medical theoretical account and the impact it has had on their lives. Under the societal theoretical account, disablement is caused by the society in which we live and is non the fault of an person disabled individual, or an inevitable effect of their restrictions. Disability is the merchandise of the physical, organisational and attitudinal barriers present within society, which lead to favoritism. The remotion of favoritism requires a alteration of attack and thought in the manner in which society is organized. The societal theoretical account takes history of handicapped people as portion of our economic, environmental and cultural society. The barriers that prevent any single playing a portion in society are the job, non the person. Barriers still exist in instruction, information and communicating systems, working environments, wellness and societal support services, conveyance, lodging, public edifices and comfortss. The devaluing of handicapped people through negative images in the media movies, telecasting and newspapers besides act as a barrier. The societal theoretical account has been developed with the purpose of taking barriers so that handicapped people have the same chance as everyone else to find their ain life manners. A simple illustration is that of a wheelchair user who has a mobility damage. He is non really disabled in an environment where he can utilize public conveyance and addition full entree to edifices and their installations in the same manner that person without his damage would make. The societal theoretical account of disablement has basically changed the manner in which disablement is regarded and has had a major impact on anti-discriminatory statute law. However, some handicapped people and faculty members are involved in a re-evaluation of the societal theoretical account and they argue that the clip has come to travel beyond this basic place. A Medical Model of Disability Definition 1 The Medical Model holds that disablement consequences from an single individual s physical or mental restrictions, and is mostly unconnected to the societal or geographical environments. It is sometimes referred to as the Biological-Inferiority or Functional-Limitation Model. It is illustrated by the World Health Organization s ( WHO s ) definitions, which significantly were devised by physicians: Damage: any loss or abnormalcy of psychological or anatomical construction or map. Disability: any limitation or deficiency of ability ( ensuing from an damage ) to execute an activity in the mode or within the scope considered normal for a human being. Disability: any disadvantage for a given person, ensuing from damage or a disablement that limits or prevents the fulfilment of a function that is normal for that person. From the WHO Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps, 1980 From this, it is easy to see how people with disablements might go stigmatized as missing or unnatural . The Medical Model places the beginning of the job within a individual impaired individual, and concludes that solutions are found by concentrating on the person. A more sophisticated signifier of the theoretical account allows for economic factors, and recognizes that a hapless economic clime will adversely consequence a handicapped individual s work chances. Even so, it still seeks a solution within the person by assisting him or her overcome personal damage to get by with a wavering labour market. In simplest footings, the Medical Model assumes that the first measure solution is to happen a remedy or to utilize WHO terminology do handicapped people more normal . This constantly fails because handicapped people are non needfully vomit or can non be improved by remedial intervention. The lone staying solution is to accept the abnormalcy and supply the necessary attention to back up the incurable impaired individual. Policy shapers are limited to a scope of options based upon a plan of rehabilitation, vocational preparation for employment, income care plans and the proviso of AIDSs and equipment. This Functional-Limitation ( Medical ) theoretical account has dominated the preparation of disablement policy for old ages. Although we should non reject out-of-hand its curative facets which may bring around or relieve the physical and mental status of many handicapped people, it does non offer a realistic position from the point of view of handicapped people themselves. To get down with, most would reject the construct of being unnatural . Besides, the theoretical account imposes a paternalistic attack to job work outing which, although good intentioned, concentrates on attention and finally provides justification for institutionalization and segregation. This restricts handicapped people s chances to do picks, control their lives and develop their potency. Finally, the Model Fosters bing biass in the heads of employers. Because the conditional is medical , a handicapped individual will ipso facto be prone to ill wellness and ill leave, is likely to deteriorate, and will be less productive that work co-workers. Definition 2 As medical and scientific cognition expanded abundantly, the physician and the scientist replaced the priest as keeper of social values and bring arounding procedures. Work and production became commodified, and clip became additive. Human worth was so to be determined by sensed work value and profitableness ; and life styles and lives became dictated by the mechanistic patterns and establishments of the state province. Universality replaced specialness, ground replaced enigma, and cognition and province of the head superseded the lived experience of the organic structure. Normality , so, became determined by the ideal of the white, vernal, able, male organic structure ; and otherness to this ideal became hierarchically placed as lower status. Therefore, difference became redefined as aberrance commanding control. Events of this epoch were to hold a major impact on the lives of those with bodily restrictions. The lives of such people were reduced to little more than a medical label, and their hereafters defined by a medical forecast. Peoples with disablement so became a category necessitating physical remotion from the able-bodied norms of what was developing as an urbanised society. As some observers note, this was the epoch when cripples disappeared and disablement was created. As certain groups of people came to be viewed as unproductive and incapable, establishments were established as topographic points with a double intent: ( a ) where such people could be placed whilst other household members could run into workers duties ; and ( B ) where such people could be skilled to go productive members of society. But, with the modern epoch, there was besides an increasing accent on scientism and societal Darwinism ; and this resulted in the functions of particular establishments switching from agents of reform to agents of detention for societal control and institutional segregation for those now described as sub-normal. Institutions became the instruments for the facilitation of societal decease. Through a presumed scientific position, attention for people with disablement became depoloticized, technicalized and professionalized, predicated on impressions of calamity, load and incapacitated dependence. In the post-industrial and post-enlightenment epoch, disablement, in Western society, has been regarded as an single affliction preponderantly cast within scientific and medical discourses. Therefore, disablement has come to be defined and signified as a power-neutral, objectively discernible property or feature of an stricken individual. Harmonizing to this theoretical account, it is the person, and non society, who has the job, and different intercessions aim to supply the individual with the appropriate accomplishments to rehabilitate or cover with it. However, in a civilization, supported by modern Western medical specialty, and which idealizes the thought that the organic structure can be objectified and controlled, those who can non command their organic structures are seen as failures. In recent old ages, and with the influence of standardization rules since the 1970 s, the venue of an individualised conceptualisation has shifted from the state-run ( public ) establishment to community-based installations and attention. However, the medical position of disablement remains wedded to the economic system, whereby personal capacity and ability are frequently assessed as incapacity and inability so as to find a individual s eligibility for fiscal aid and benefits, and entree to personal resources. An economic position narrows the complexness of disablement to restrictions and limitations, with deductions of whether flawed people can be educated or productive. Lack of entree to adequate material resources perpetuates a charity discourse which depicts certain people as in demand of aid, as objects of commiseration, as personally tragic, and as dependent and ageless kids. It is a discourse of benevolence and selflessness ; and like with the responses of early Christian communities, this discourse serves a complimentary relationship between perceivably incapacitated people as instruments for good and virtuous plants of clemency and compassion by the more privileged members of society. Definition 3 The medical theoretical account came approximately as modern medical specialty began to develop in the nineteenth Century, along with the enhanced function of the doctor in society. Since many disablements have medical beginnings, people with disablements were expected to profit from coming under the way of the medical profession. Under this theoretical account, the jobs that are associated with disablement are deemed to shack within the person. In other words, if the person is healed so these jobs will non be. Society has no underlying duty to do a topographic point for individuals with disablements, since they live in an foreigner function waiting to be cured. The person with a disablement is in the ill function under the medical theoretical account. When people are ill, they are excused from the normal duties of society: traveling to school, acquiring a occupation, taking on household duties, etc. They are besides expected to come under the authorization of the medical profession in order to acquire better. Thus, until late, most disablement policy issues have been regarded as wellness issues, and doctors have been regarded as the primary governments in this policy country. One can see the influence of the medical theoretical account in disability public policy today, most notably in the Social Security system, in which disablement is defined as the inability to work. This is consistent with the function of the individual with a disablement as ill. It is besides the beginning of tremendous jobs for individuals with disablements who want to work but who would put on the line losing all related public benefits, such as wellness attention coverage or entree to Personal Assistance Services ( for in-home jobs and personal operation ) , since a individual loses one s disablement position by traveling to work. A A Expert/Professional Model of Disability The Expert/Professional Model has provided a traditional response to disablement issues and can be seen as an outgrowth of the Medical Model. Within its model, professionals follow a procedure of placing the damage and its restrictions ( utilizing the Medical Model ) , and taking the necessary action to better the place of the handicapped individual. This has tended to bring forth a system in which an dictator, over-active service supplier prescribes and Acts of the Apostless for a inactive client. This relationship has been described as that of influence peddler ( the professional ) and fixee ( the client ) , and clearly contains an inequality that limits coaction. Although a professional may be caring, the infliction of solutions can be less than benevolent. If the determinations are made by the expert , the client has no pick and is unable to exert the basic human right of freedom over his or her ain actions. In the extreme, it undermines the client s self-respect by taking the ability to take part in the simplest, mundane determinations impacting his or her life. E.g. when underwear demands to be changed or how veggies are to be cooked. A Rights-Based Model of Disability In more recent times, nevertheless, the impression of disability has come to be conceptualized as a socio-political concept within a rights-based discourse. The accent has shifted from dependance to independence, as people with disablement have sought a political voice, and go politically active against societal forces of ablism Disability militants, in prosecuting in individuality political relations, have adopted the schemes used by other societal motions commanding human and civil rights, against such phenomena as sexism and racism. A A Tragedy/Charity Model of Disability The Tragedy/Charity Model depicts handicapped people as victims of circumstance, deserving of commiseration. This and Medical Model are likely the 1s most used by non-disabled people to specify and explicate disablement. Traditionally used by charities in the competitory concern of fund-raising, the application of the Tragedy/Charity Model is diagrammatically illustrated in the televised Children in Need entreaties in which handicapped kids are depicted alongside immature victims of dearth, poorness, kid maltreatment and other fortunes. Whilst such entreaties raise considerable financess for services and equipment which are non provided by the province, many handicapped people find the negative victim-image exhaustively violative. In fact Children in Need has been described as televisual refuse aˆÂ ¦ oppressive to handicapped people M. Oliver quoted in C. Donnellan Disabilities and Discrimination Issues for the Nineties 1982. Some go every bit far as construing the tragic portraiture as a agency of keeping a flow of contributions and maintaining able-bodied people in work. The Tragedy/Charity Model is condemned by its critics as dis-enabling, and the cause of much favoritism. Talking on the BBC Everyman plan The Fifth Gospel ( day of the month? ) , Nabil Shaban said: The biggest job that we, the handicapped have, is that you, the non-disabled, are merely comfy when you see us as icons of commiseration. Because handicapped people are seen as tragic victims, it follows that they need attention, are non capable of looking after themselves or pull offing their ain personal businesss, and need charity in order to last. From calamity and commiseration stems a civilization attention . Although extremely applaudable in many respects, it carries certain dangers. Numerous charities exist to back up and care for people with a peculiar type of disablement, thereby medically sorting, segregating and frequently as with the Medical Model commiting many handicapped people. Over 400,000 grownups in Great Britain are affected by institutionalization Given the pick, many, if non most would choose for community life with equal support. The thought of if being receivers of charity lowers the self-pride of people with disablements. In the eyes of feel foring givers, charitable giving carries with it an outlook of gratitude and a set of footings imposed upon the donee. The first is sponsoring ; the 2nd modification upon the picks open to handicapped people. Besides, employers will see handicapped people as charitable instances. Rather than turn to the existent issues of making a workplace conducive to the employment of people with disablements, employers may reason that doing charitable contributions meets societal and economic duties. This is non to recommend leveling charities and criminal lovingness, charitable Acts of the Apostless, which enrich our society and convey severely needed financess. But we do need to educate charity directors and professionals to reexamine the manner they operate and guarantee that financess are channeled to advance the authorization of handicapped people and their full integrating into our society as equal citizens necessitating our regard and non our commiseration. A Religious/Moral Model of Disability Definition 1 The Religious Model views disablement as a penalty inflicted upon an person or household by an external force. It can be due to misdemeanours committed by the handicapped individual, person in the household or community group, or forebears. Birth conditions can be due to actions committed in a old reincarnation. Sometimes the presence of evil liquors is used to explicate differences in behaviour, particularly in conditions such as schizophrenic disorder. Acts of dispossession or forfeit may be performed to throw out or pacify the negative influence, or resort made to persecution or even decease of the person who is different . In some instances, the disablement stigmatizes a whole household, take downing their position or even taking to entire societal exclusion. Or it can be interpreted as an person s inability to conform within a household construction. Conversely, it can be seen as necessary affliction to be suffered before some future religious wages. It is an utmost theoretical account, which can be in any society where want is linked to ignorance, fright and bias. Definition 2 In a Western Judea-Christian society, the roots of understanding bodily difference have been grounded in Biblical mentions, the consequent responses and impacts of the Christian church, and the consequence of the enlightenment undertaking underpinning the modern epoch. These corporal provinces were seen as the consequence of evil liquors, the Satan, witchery or God s displeasure. Alternatively, such people were besides signified as reflecting the suffering Jesus , and were frequently perceived to be of beatific or beyond-human position to be a approval for others. Therefore, subjects which embrace impressions of wickedness or holiness, dross and integrity, undesirability and failing, attention and compassion, mending and loads have formed the dominant bases of Western conceptualisations of, and responses to, groups of people who, in a modern-day context, are described as handicapped. In the yesteryear, assorted labels have been used for such people. These include crippled, square, blind, dumb, deaf, mad, lame, idiot, imbecilic, and idiot. In the mobile and/or agricultural societies of pre-industrialization, when clip was cyclic, people perceived with restrictions frequently lived with their households. They were ascribed functions and undertakings in line with their capablenesss, and which fulfilled the co-operative demands for corporate endurance. Others, though, could non remain with their households. Some were ostracized, and their endurance threatened, because of a popular construct that such individuals were monsters, and hence unworthy of human position. Some became stateless and dislocated for other grounds such as poorness or shame. Religious communities, frequently within the local precincts or parishes, responded to these groups of people in assorted ways. These included the publicity and seeking of remedies by such actions as dispossessions, purging, rites and so on ; or supplying attention, cordial reception and service as Acts of the Apostless of clemency and Christian responsibility to destitute aliens . However, of import alterations were to happen with the evolvement of the modern epoch deeply influenced by the enlightenment and industrialisation. During this clip, spiritual values and manners were challenged by the rebellion of ground and reason. Definition 3 The Moral theoretical account is historically the oldest and is less prevailing today. However, there are many civilizations that associate disablement with wickedness and shame, and disablement is frequently associated with feelings of guilt, even if such feelings are non overtly based in spiritual philosophy. For the person with a disablement, this theoretical account is peculiarly onerous. This theoretical account has been associated with shame on the full household with a member with a disablement. Families have hidden away the handicapped household member, maintaining them out of school and excluded from any opportunity at holding a meaningful function in society. Even in less utmost fortunes, this theoretical account has resulted in general societal banishment and self-hatred. A A Economic Model of Disability Under this Model, disablement is defined by a individual s inability to take part in work. It besides assesses the grade to which damage affects an person s productiveness and the economic effects for the person, employer and the province. Such effects include loss of net incomes for and payment for aid by the person ; lower net income borders for the employer ; and province public assistance payments. The Economic Model is used chiefly by policy shapers to measure distribution of benefits to those who are unable to take part to the full in work. In recent old ages, nevertheless, the preoccupation with productiveness has conflicted with the application of the Medical Model to sort disablement to counter deceitful benefit claims, taking to confusion and a deficiency of co-ordination in disability policy. The challenge confronting the Economic Model is how to warrant and back up, in strictly economic footings, a socially desirable policy of increasing engagement in employment. Classical economic Torahs of supply and demand stipulate that an addition in the labour market consequences in reduced rewards. Arguably, widening entree to work through equal chances reduces an employer s labour costs, but other factors come into drama. The value of labour is based upon its part to fringy cost, i.e. the cost of bring forthing the last unit of production. This lone works when employees make an equal part to fringy cost. However, grounds suggests that handicapped employees make a lower part than their work co-workers do, ensuing in losingss in production and lower net incomes for the employer. Employers may acknowledge compensations for any loss in using less-productive handicapped employees through praise, promotion, client alliance and enlargement originating from their presentations as an organisation with community values. However, employers are non by and large selfless and keep the economic viability and operational effectivity of their organisation as higher precedences than showing societal consciousness. Their economic option is to pay handicapped employees less or have the losingss met through subsidy. The job for the users of Economic Model is one of pick. Which is better: to pay the handicapped employee for loss of net incomes, or the employer for loss of productiveness? The first carries stigma for the handicapped individual by underscoring their inability to fit the public presentation of work co-workers. With the latter, troubles arise in right measuring the right degree of subsidy. The productiveness of a handicapped employee may good alter, every bit good as the fringy costs of the entire work force. This leaves one outstanding trouble for the socially minded economic expert. How do we accomplish an just, effectual, value-for-money distribution of disablement related benefits? It is likely that there will be people with disablements that prevent them from making working. There will be others whose productiveness degrees are so low that the revenue enhancement benefits to the public bag are outweighed by the employment subsidy. In economic footings, these people are unemployable and should be removed from employment to auxiliary benefits, salvaging the outgo on the subsidy. But is this socially acceptable? This evident struggle has created ambiguity in holding societal security ends and has led to stigmatisation of handicapped people as a load on public financess instead than spouses in the creative activity of general societal prosperity. Social security benefits are non designed to take handicapped people from poorness. The policy shaper needs to equilibrate equity ( the right of the single to self-fulfilment and societal engagement through work ) and efficiency. The true value of the Economic Model is keeping this balance in the macroeconomic context of trade rhythms, rising prices, globalisation and extraordinary events such as wars. A Customer/Empowering Model of Disability This is the antonym of the Expert Model. Here, the professional is viewed as a service supplier to the handicapped client and his or her household. The client decides and selects what services they believe are appropriate whilst the service supplier acts as adviser, manager and resource supplier. Recent operations of this Model have placed fiscal resources into the control of the client, who may take to buy province or private attention or both. A A Rehabilitation Model of Disability Definition 1 This is an outgrowth of the medical theoretical account, which regards the disablement as a lack that must be fixed by a rehabilitation professional or other assisting professional. Definition 2 This theoretical account is similar to the medical theoretical account ; it regards the individual with a disablement as in demand of services from a rehabilitation professional who can supply preparation, therapy, guidance or other services to do up for the lack caused by the disablement. Historically, it gained acceptance after World War II when many disabled veterans needed to be re-introduced into society. The current Vocational Rehabilitation system is designed harmonizing to this theoretical account. Persons with disablements have been really critical of both the medical theoretical account and the rehabilitation theoretical account. While medical intercession can be required by the person at times, it is naif and simplistic to see the medical system as the appropriate venue for disablement related policy affairs. Many disablements and chronic medical conditions will neer be cured. Persons with disablements are rather capable of take parting in society, and the patterns of parturiency and institutionalization that accompany the ill function are merely non acceptable. A A

Free Essays on Gender Influence Of Fairy Tales

Fairy tales have always been a part of children’s lives. Snow White, Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty and so on – we all know them off by heart, but have we ever stopped to think what messages they are sending to society? What kind of influence they have on the structure of social and gender roles? â€Å"Male/female roles have been ground into us since the day we were born, in the disguise of innocent little fairly tales†.1 It is amazing how many of us don’t realise what fairy tales teach us until we closely examine the way females are portrayed in each story and what roles have been assigned to them. I have chosen to deconstruct Cinderella and Snow White as I have found them to be sexist and to be portraying women in a subordinate light, which oppresses them. Both stories perpetuate stereotypical thoughts on the â€Å"ideal virtues† of women. They are shown naturally beautiful, vulnerable, passive and obedient. â€Å"These tales teach us our little girls that the only way for them to get anywhere in life is to be beautiful, obedient and passive. They should be quiet, always smile and be friendly, and of course take responsibility for their actions and others†.2 Furthermore, both Cinderella and Snow White provide another example where the heroines of the stories must be â€Å"rescued† by Prince Charming who is by coincidence handsome, powerful, and good. It is sending a false message to girls that â€Å"Man is God’s gift to women†, â€Å"He will rescue you from all your troubles and take you away from a critical situation, where he will then marry you and make you his Queen, who will have to do nothing much but preserve beauty. If you follow his instructions you will live happily ever after†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Having all these ‘fantastic’ attributes (in the view of men), both females of each story happily accept the role of a housewife. When Snow White finds shelter in a dirty little house in the woods, she immediately cleans it fr... Free Essays on Gender Influence Of Fairy Tales Free Essays on Gender Influence Of Fairy Tales Fairy tales have always been a part of children’s lives. Snow White, Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty and so on – we all know them off by heart, but have we ever stopped to think what messages they are sending to society? What kind of influence they have on the structure of social and gender roles? â€Å"Male/female roles have been ground into us since the day we were born, in the disguise of innocent little fairly tales†.1 It is amazing how many of us don’t realise what fairy tales teach us until we closely examine the way females are portrayed in each story and what roles have been assigned to them. I have chosen to deconstruct Cinderella and Snow White as I have found them to be sexist and to be portraying women in a subordinate light, which oppresses them. Both stories perpetuate stereotypical thoughts on the â€Å"ideal virtues† of women. They are shown naturally beautiful, vulnerable, passive and obedient. â€Å"These tales teach us our little girls that the only way for them to get anywhere in life is to be beautiful, obedient and passive. They should be quiet, always smile and be friendly, and of course take responsibility for their actions and others†.2 Furthermore, both Cinderella and Snow White provide another example where the heroines of the stories must be â€Å"rescued† by Prince Charming who is by coincidence handsome, powerful, and good. It is sending a false message to girls that â€Å"Man is God’s gift to women†, â€Å"He will rescue you from all your troubles and take you away from a critical situation, where he will then marry you and make you his Queen, who will have to do nothing much but preserve beauty. If you follow his instructions you will live happily ever after†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Having all these ‘fantastic’ attributes (in the view of men), both females of each story happily accept the role of a housewife. When Snow White finds shelter in a dirty little house in the woods, she immediately cleans it fr...

A BRIEF LOOK AT OBAMACARE Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

A BRIEF LOOK AT OBAMACARE Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers A BRIEF LOOK AT OBAMACARE Health care reform in the United States has a long history. Reforms have often been proposed but have rarely been accomplished. Har ry Truman in the 1940s , Richard Nixon in the 1970s, and Bill Clinton in the 1990s have given important struggles for a law that would cover every US citizen in health insurance. After all of them, when Obama became president, he brought the health system, which is called ObamaCare. In March, 2010, US President Barack Obama's healthcare bill passed by Congress. It aims to provide about 50 million Americans, 16 percent of the population, health care. "We have decided that it's time to give every American quality healthcare." said Barack Obama in his speech. The health system in America is the world's most expensive health system. Despite the fact that all kinds of health services, medicines and health insurance premiums are expensive, the quality of health care in the United States is low. The structure of the health insurance system in the USA is as follows: State pays health insurance expenses for government officials and soldiers. (These are 2 percent of the population.), Those who are very old or very poor benefit from two different applications called Medicare and Medicaid, which are funded from the budget. The state pays for these two different applications.(Medicare covers 15 per cent of the total population, 16 per cent of Medicaid.), In large-scale industrial establishments, employees in companies, benefit from insurance paid by premium establishments.(For nearly 45 percent of the population, these programs provide health insurance.), Personal insurances, group insurances are usually very expensive and have limited coverage. (Only 6 percent of the population benefits from private insurance with their own means.) Many Americans lack health care. The proportion of uninsured has been rising steadily since the 1970s. Except for the United States, no rich nation in the world fails to provide comprehensive health care that is free or inexpensive to its entire population. For this reason, health reform has been discussed in the United States for years. The health reform was a promise that Obama could fulfill. This reform is the product of Obama's promise to provide "h ealth care for everybody's budget". The Law on Affordable Healthcare, known publicly as Obamacare , entered into force gradually from 2010 onwards, despite the endless opposition of the Republicans. The pr oportion of uninsured people in the country has fallen from 15.7 percent to 9.2 percent. On the other hand, the Republican Party has strongly opposed Obamacare from the very beginning on the grounds that it infringes on individual freedoms and the US Constitution because it obliges health insurance. The new president, Donald Trump, showed his determination after the election that he was determined to cancel Obamacare except for a few parts. Thus, Obama's success is a controversial issue, although it seems to be among the promises Obama has made, it does not seem to be long-lived. Obamacare, officially called the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPAC), but more often called the Affordable Care Act (ACA) for short, reformed health care system as a whole. Obamacare was signed into law to reform the health care industry by President Barack Obama on March 23,2010 and upheld by the Supreme Court ruling on June 28,2012. This ruling involved changing the law to allow states to opt-out of expanding Access to Medicaid. Obamacare was signed into law to address the national health care crisis and to ma k e insurance more affordable and available for 44 million uninsureds. The Affordable Care Act 2010 is a reformation of healthcare system to be t ter be able to aid and treat the large percentage of law and middle income Americans who suff e r everyday without the proper health insurance. Obamacare,offered subsidies to obtain affordable quality health insurance and also did things like expand Medicaid to almost 20 million more Americans. The health care law has already aided millions of Americans afford be t ter quality health insurance, helped to reform the health insurance industry, and has expanded Americans healthcare rights. The healthcare law also aims to reduce wasteful spending and healthcare programs that are not working. The Affordable Care Act expands

Introduction to art theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to art theory - Essay Example The lack of realism, knowledge of perspective in art and understanding of the human figure were lost with the fall of Rome. But the historians at that time claim that medieval artist concerned simply trying to send a religious message. Byzantine art culture comes next, which is often referred as one of the finest art of Middle Ages in terms of quality of material and workmanship. The Gothic art, which appeared around 13th century (art and architecture) was unique. Gothic art merged with Renaissance art at different times in different places making internationally renowned. Renaissance art culture led to many changes in both technical aspects of painting and sculpture, as well as their subject matter. Renaissance enhanced realism in the work, such as three dimensional perspectives in more authenticated manner. Tone contrast of Titan’s portrait and sfumato and chiaroscuro by Leonardo da Vinci are notable. Art has gone through evolution as the centuries passed. The idea of renaissance emerged to sculptor Donatello who classical techniques included David as a free-standing bronze nude created in Europe since the Roman Empire. Following him, High Renaissance artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti and Raffaello Santi emerged. They exhibited astounding mastery both technical and aesthetic. As the time passed many artists were repulsed by the ornate grandeur of the artistic styles and sought to revert to earlier which created intellectual movement known as Enlightenment or Neoclassicism culture. Eugene Delacroix, Francisco Goya attempted centrist approaches of Neoclassicist and Romanticist styles. The middle of 19th century marked the industrial revolution across Europe. The European art as well became radically altered by industrialization. 1860s artistic styles were more of Neoclassicist and romanticist type. In the latter year’s poverty, squalor, and desperation were the theme of the art. The fate of the working class has

Managing Communication in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Managing Communication in Business - Essay Example Organizational communication is very important as for a business to precede and expand, the management should have strong communication ties with its employees. Non-verbal communication is a category of communication that plays a crucial role in terms of organizational communication. In this paper, all kinds of non-verbal communication are described that can affect organizational communication. Along with the description of forms of non-verbal communication, the factors such as gender, age and culture are also analyzed in the paper. After description of all the forms of non-verbal communication, a conclusion is given. The conclusion summarizes the whole essay in a short form. Kinesics can be explained as body movements (Pelachaud, et. al 1996). There are many kinds of bodily movements such as making use of emblematic signs through hands or fingers, making use of hands or legs to stress on or illustrate something, by regulating spoken or listened words and sentences, expression of feelings through bodily movements and gestures and by making use of some adapter to indicate towards a meaningful situation (Depaulo 1992). Body movements are employed in many ways to communicate non-verbally (Argyle 1988). Making use of emblems, adapters, illustrating, adjusting and revealing feelings and gestures, all come in kinesics. In an organizational setting, people make use of kinesics to communicate and by repetitive usage of some bodily movements; people identify them (Burgoon, et.al 1996). For different cultures, people make use of different emblems for the same message. For example, for admitting to some suggestion, many people make use of bowing the head a little, while others can make use of hands to indicate, â€Å"Yes† (Gudykunst and Ting-Toomey 1988). Through body movements, people can communicate their feelings and expressions (Harbridge 1998). In case, a person is tense, he/she can move back and forth that is a clear sign of

Langston Hughes Essay Example for Free

Langston Hughes Essay Langston Hughes had become one of the most resounding names in American Literature. Of course, the primary reason for his success would be his adept use of words and the message he wants to convey. However, his racial profile could have also come into play in his popularity. But no one could deny the talent of Hughes in his work. His works display intricate design and a significant message such as on â€Å"Salvation. † Langston Hughes had become one of the best known writers because the messages that he wants to convey are of great value to the society, particularly the value of being proud of one’s race. He was born into a relatively large family wherein he had eight siblings. His parents had separated and he had to be taken in by his grandmother. Unfortunately, his grandmother died and again he had to be taken in by family friends. This unstable custody of Langston Hughes could direct us to the assumption that he did not live a happy childhood. Although, it could also lead us to the assumption that his unstable childhood had profoundly influenced him to be writer later in life. At a very young age, Langston Hughes was seemingly being trained unknowingly by the people around. As a child, he used to listen to the black American oral tradition of storytelling. His young mind was inculcated with the value of race to an individual. As the young Langston Hughes develops consciousness about the things that are happening around him, he is introduced to the bitter realities of life. During Hughes’ time, racism is a prevalent problem of the society. This aspect of his biography is one of the most likely reason why Langston Hughes had become a writer. His passion to fight racism is one of the main driving force of his writings. His first poem was titled â€Å"Crisis†, which was published in 1921. The concept of salvation had captivated the mind of Langston Hughes. And in relation to his writing, he may have wanted to convey how people like him, who experiences racism, experience real salvation. His works seemingly suggests that salvation could be found from within one’s self. His messages for the young people are seemingly a call for being saved from the oppression set against them by the society. If Langston Hughes did not become a writer, it is likely that he would have become a full time activist against racial discrimination. His concern for the society, especially for Black Americans is something that even he could not dismiss easily. One of his best known work is on the poem â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers. † From the title alone, the readers are already hinted that this poem would be about race, as hinted by the term â€Å"Negro. Although there could be multiple readings about the poem, the point is that it is a beautiful poem. Hughes may have wanted to tell the world that Black Americans are just as good as any race in terms of poetry. The poem is like Hughes’ statement that dares racists to say to question if Black Americans could write beautiful poems. All in all, Langston Hughes had become of the best known writers because he had become the voice for the underrepresented black community. In many respects, he had introduced the black community to the world.

Dorothea E. Orems Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory :: Nursing Medical Caring Theory Essays

Dorothea E. Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory The purpose of this paper is to inform the reader how Dorethea Orem’s nursing theory has been used in research. Orem begin developing her theory in the 1950’s, a time when most nursing conceptual models were based on other disciplines such as medicine, psychology and/or sociology (Fawcett, 2000). Orem’s theory is a three-part theory of self-care. The three theories that make up the general theory are: Self-Care, Self-Care Deficit, and Nursing Systems. The Self-Care theory states that adults deliberately learn and perform actions to direct their survival, quality of life, and well-being. Self-Care Deficit theory states that nursing is required because of the inability to perform self-care as the result of limitations. Nursing Systems theory is the product of nursing in nursing system(s) by which nurses use the nursing process to help individuals meet their self-care requisites and build their self-care or dependent-care capabilities. These three theories form the overall Self-Care Deficit Theory. (Alligood & Tomey, 2001) Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) is an important component of nursing’s theoretical knowledge. It is a highly developed and formalized theoretical system that includes the philosophical foundation, the general theory of nursing with its constituent elements, and an expanding body of knowledge that includes empirical research. The conceptual structure of SCDNT is constituted from six core concepts (self-care, therapeutic self-care demand, self-care agency, self-care deficit, nursing agency, nursing system, and one peripheral concept -basic conditioning factors. (Taylor, Geden, Isaramalai &, Wongvatunyu, 104) The capacity and ability of the individual to engage in self-care is termed self-care agency (SCA). The Therapeutic Self-Care Demand (TSCD) and SCA are influenced by a number of factors or variables referred to as basic conditioning factors (BCFs). The self-care system is an action system designed in response to the TSCD and is dependent on the quality of the individual’s self-care agency. (Geden & Taylor, 329) The first article we reviewed was titled An Empirical Test of a Self-Care Model of Women’s Responses to Battering. Battering was conceptualized with Orem’s theory as a situation requiring therapeutic self-care. Based on Orem’s theory of self-care deficit a model of women’s responses to battering was constructed. This model proposes that age, education, income, and cultural orientation are BCFs that directly related to relational conflict. This conflict would be negatively related to self-care agency and indirectly related to both outcomes of health and well-being. The proposed model suggests that the degree of relational conflict experienced by a woman in a battering situation is directly related to her ability to care for herself. Dorothea E. Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory :: Nursing Medical Caring Theory Essays Dorothea E. Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory The purpose of this paper is to inform the reader how Dorethea Orem’s nursing theory has been used in research. Orem begin developing her theory in the 1950’s, a time when most nursing conceptual models were based on other disciplines such as medicine, psychology and/or sociology (Fawcett, 2000). Orem’s theory is a three-part theory of self-care. The three theories that make up the general theory are: Self-Care, Self-Care Deficit, and Nursing Systems. The Self-Care theory states that adults deliberately learn and perform actions to direct their survival, quality of life, and well-being. Self-Care Deficit theory states that nursing is required because of the inability to perform self-care as the result of limitations. Nursing Systems theory is the product of nursing in nursing system(s) by which nurses use the nursing process to help individuals meet their self-care requisites and build their self-care or dependent-care capabilities. These three theories form the overall Self-Care Deficit Theory. (Alligood & Tomey, 2001) Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory (SCDNT) is an important component of nursing’s theoretical knowledge. It is a highly developed and formalized theoretical system that includes the philosophical foundation, the general theory of nursing with its constituent elements, and an expanding body of knowledge that includes empirical research. The conceptual structure of SCDNT is constituted from six core concepts (self-care, therapeutic self-care demand, self-care agency, self-care deficit, nursing agency, nursing system, and one peripheral concept -basic conditioning factors. (Taylor, Geden, Isaramalai &, Wongvatunyu, 104) The capacity and ability of the individual to engage in self-care is termed self-care agency (SCA). The Therapeutic Self-Care Demand (TSCD) and SCA are influenced by a number of factors or variables referred to as basic conditioning factors (BCFs). The self-care system is an action system designed in response to the TSCD and is dependent on the quality of the individual’s self-care agency. (Geden & Taylor, 329) The first article we reviewed was titled An Empirical Test of a Self-Care Model of Women’s Responses to Battering. Battering was conceptualized with Orem’s theory as a situation requiring therapeutic self-care. Based on Orem’s theory of self-care deficit a model of women’s responses to battering was constructed. This model proposes that age, education, income, and cultural orientation are BCFs that directly related to relational conflict. This conflict would be negatively related to self-care agency and indirectly related to both outcomes of health and well-being. The proposed model suggests that the degree of relational conflict experienced by a woman in a battering situation is directly related to her ability to care for herself.

Reading Teacher Essay

How should the proper balance between teacher freedom and responsibility be determined? Position 1: Fir increased Academic Freedom: * Schools are at the center of local debates about touchy subjects such as, morals, sex and sexual orientation, religion, politics, economics, racism, and a host of other social value controversies. * Censorship denies, defeats, or diminishes academic freedom! * Sex, Politics, and Religion: A few Cases * A parent in Loathe, Kansas, demanded that John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men be banned from the school curriculum and classroom because the book is â€Å"worthless† and â€Å"profanity filled. † The Majority rejected the effort. * In Oakley, California, some parents wanted the same Steinbeck book banned for racial descriptions. * Schools use the popular Philip Pullman book The Golden Compass was protested by a group of parents and Christian leaders in Winchester, Kentucky; because Pullman was call â€Å"an atheist† and the book â€Å"anti-Christian. † * A high school history teacher in Denver Public Schools was dismissed because the city newspaper published his and other candidates’ views as they ran for congressional seat† the district thought his views were too controversial. He won the case but the district limited him to teaching Basic English and erased his teaching history. * A high school student paper in Bakersfield, California, was prohibited from publishing a story with interviews about gender identity, but a county judge ruled that student to have the right to exercise freedom of speech. * Most frequently banned books: Harry Potter, Diary of Anne Frank, Catch-22, Farewell to Arms, Deliverance, The great Gatsby, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, To Kill a Mockingbird, The Chocolate War, and Slaughterhouse Five. Even some comic books suffered censorship. * Most censored authors: Judy Blume, Mark Twain, Maya Angelou, John Steinbeck, J. D. Salinger, Toni Morrison, R. L. Stine, Maurice Sendak, William Golding, and Rovert Cormier. * Quotes about censorship from famous figures: * Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart: â€Å"Censorship reflects a society’s lack of confidence in itself. † * Historian Henry Steele Commanger: â€Å"Censorship always defeats its own purpose, for it creates in the end the kind of society that is incapable of real discretion. † * Actress, playwright, screen writer, and sex symbol Mae West: â€Å"I believe in censorship. I have made a fortune out of it. * Climate of Fear * Challenges to school and library books have been 400 to 500 per year over the past three decades. A lot of the challenges were mostly by individual parents. Organized efforts have joined. * Parents Against Bad Books in Schools (PABBIS) and safelibraries. org. * On safelibraries. org they have published the most shocking and inappropriate segments of each book. * A lot of schools try to limit controversy by passing strict policies that are even sometimes illegal. * Good school districts have splices and practices that promote academic freedom which doesn’t allow for parents, students, and the public to challenge or raise questions about what is taught and how. * What happens? Teachers lose jobs, students can be suspended, and teachers avoid controversy, and education suffers. * We need freedom: Intellectual freedom! * A Necessity, Not a Frill * Academic Freedom = Free Society, which is what our Nation was founded on. * It is increasingly important for teachers to become more active advocates for academic freedom in public discourse and in political arenas. * Democratic education requires debate and discourse – only with teacher freedom can this happen. * Freedom to teach and learn is basic to good education. * Arguments against Academic Freedom * Based on traditional ideas that teachers are not â€Å"scholars,† they have a captive audience, they can influence impressionable minds and they are public employees subject to the will of board and administrators. * The argument against those that believe in those traditional ideas is that our education system now requires teachers to have scholarly qualities; students are expected to inquire and challenge rather than just be a captive audience. * Mischief in Defining Academic Freedom * Zealots everywhere (Zealot being someone who believes their way is superior) has tried to use schools as agents to impose their views and values on the young. They don’t want schools to present opposing views or conflicting evidence and are against real critical thinking. * Academic Bill of Rights – is a bill of rights that demands neutrality for institutions and requiring a diverse faculty along political lines. This bill of rights is for colleges but is popping up in precollegiate schools. * Academic Freedom Petition – a single-issue document that argues that academic institutions should ensure student and teacher freedom to discuss scientific strength and weaknesses of Darwinian evolution. * The problem with these two laws/bills is that they contain seeds of censorship and self-censorship to avoid controversial subjects. This twisted use of academic freedom can cloud the more valuable condition needed for critical thinking in schools and colleges. * A threat to academic freedom – self-censorship – When teachers screen ideas from classroom use in order to avoid controversy. * Conclusion: Fear threatens academic freedom! * The Essential Relationship of Academic Freedom to Democracy. * Democracy states that people are capable of governing themselves. People can make knowledgeable decisions and select intelligently from among alternative proposals. * The Evolution of Expansion of Academic Freedom. * We have adopted German theory – Lehrfreiheit and Lernfreiheit – the freedom of teachers to teach and learners to learn without institutional restrictions. * Socrates – was said to be sinful and wicked because he and his students had the freedom to pursue truth. All wickedness, he argued, was due to ignorance; freedom to teach and learn would uncover knowledge, eliminate ignorance and improve society. The judges at that time did not agree and Socrates was sentenced to death. * Courts, in general, have exhibited an expanding awareness of the need for academic freedom in schools and have provided protection for teachers. * Educational Grounds for Academic Freedom * Where if not in schools will students be able to explore and test various ideas, new concepts, and challenge propaganda in a safe and guided environment? * The classroom serves as a â€Å"safe place† to explore without social condemnation or ridicule. * Education consists of ideas and challenges, increasingly sophisticated and complex. * Learning best occurs as people test new ideas against their own experiences and knowledge. – that testing requires academic freedom. * Not operating in this manor will risk conformity. Students will not examine controversial material in schools that students will not be challenged and participate in critical thinking. * The Center of the Profession * Basically we’re currently trained and we know what we’re doing. Professional Development and certification has equipped us uphold ethics and values. * A professional teacher must be free to examine controversial issues openly in the classroom. * Teacher jobs must not be at risk because they explore controversial material or consider ideas out the mainstream. * We need individuality. * Academic Freedom and Teacher Competency: the Tenure Process * Non Tenure – Incompetent teachers do not deserve and should not receive that extra protection; they should be dismissed if a fair and evidential evaluation find them incompetent. * Teacher competence is a mix of knowledge, skill, and judgment. * Knowledge of the material. * Of the students in class * Professional skill in teaching. * Professional judgment. * Under tenure law teachers cannot be fired without due process and legitimate cause. The tenured teacher who is threatened with firing has a right to know specific allegations, a fair hearing, and an evidentially based decision. * Obstacles for Academic Freedom * Religious schools sometimes fired teachers for anti-moralistic requirements, sin, not attending religious services, and not exhibiting sufficient religious enthusiasm. * At the beginning of the nineteenth century teachers were fired for not remaining single, avoiding drinking and smoking, dancing, political views, etc. * At the first half of the twentieth century, political restraint and censorship replaced religious and moralistic restrictions on teachers. * John Dewy and other scholars founded the American Association of University Professors in 1915 which recognized that even then all teachers, not just those in colleges, needed academic freedom. * Some states have tons of censorship attempts each year by parents, school boards, administrators and parents. * The internet * Scare tactics are set up to block access to many â€Å"good† internet sites (our school, example). * Many teachers avoid significant topics to sterilize to the point of student boredom. * National Coalition Against Censorship has been created. Position 2: For Teacher Responsibility * Teachers use classroom for political platforms (especially in colleges). * Power and Responsibility in Teachers * Teaching is among the most influential position in society. Teaching is next to parenting in its power to carry values and ideas from generation to generation. * The influence of teachers goes will beyond the classroom doors, school grounds, and school term; teachers exert influence that can last for years and even lifetimes. Teacher’s ability to influence their students is a huge responsibility. * Parental Rights * If parents can be held accountable for their children, so should teachers. (Even though they don’t) * Schools must give supportive social and family values among our youth. * Public school teachers are even more accountable than private ones to the community and to parents for what they teach and how. * Teacher Responsibilities to Parents * Teachers must remain sensitive to parent interests. * Teachers have responsibilities for providing a safe, healthy classroom environment, and assume protective moral ethical and legal duties. * Parents sometimes don’t know what’s going on in the classroom until the damage is already done. * Parents have the right to monitor. * PABBIS lets parents see various pieces of literature and provides evidence to help them make rational judgment about the material. * Internet Access is becoming a huge problem. * There exists a serious problem in Internet usage when websites continue inhumane, anti-American, racist, Antiauthority, sexual, antireligious or other inappropriate material that can be accessed at schools. * Teacher Responsibility to Children. * Children are vulnerable * Children look to teachers for direction. * Children are immature and unformed. Teachers must be careful. * Teacher Responsibility to Society * Society trusts teachers to develop the young into positive, productive citizens. * Teacher Responsibility to Their Profession. * Teachers can be the key to good education, or poor education * Teachers have the responsibility to recognize children’s needs and academic development. * Teacher Irresponsibility * Tenure covers poor teachers and socially dangerous teachers. * Sometimes teachers will start to threat a school with atheism, Satanism, sicalism, communism, and take other extreme positions after they’ve been tenured. Deeming themselves as â€Å"untouchable. † * Tenure laws make it almost impossible to rid schools of poor teachers. * Academic Freedom of License * A license to teach is not a license to impose one’s views on others. * Sometimes teachers who â€Å"mind bend† for years and teach in an unethical manor gets by because administration is afraid to reprimand them. * Tenure teacher firing is rare. * Tenure laws create burdensome requirements that save teacher jobs even when those teachers have demonstrated a lock of respect for parents, students, and community values. * We need to make it easier to fire teachers. * 18 states have modified tenure regulations; the Education Commission of the States website shows current state approaches. Idaho has completely eliminated teacher tenure and other states are considering major reform. * Conclusion : * Teachers deserve respect and appreciation for their contributions to society, decent salaries, and comfortable working conditions.

Budgetary slack Essay

Budgetary slack refers to the deliberate adjustment of additional cash outlays in expectation of future cash flow. The people involved in creating a budget intentionally underestimate the amount of revenue or overestimate the amount of expenses. For example, if a plant manager believes that the cost of raw materials will be RM250,000 but gives a budgetary projection of RM300,000, the manager has built in RM50,000 of slack into the budget. Budgetary slack is most common when a company uses participative budgeting. It involves the participation of a large number of employees which gives them more chances to introduce budgetary slack into the budget. They may set budget standards that are too loose and hence, easily to achieve target. There are few reasons why managers practice budgetary slack. 1) Self-interest behavior of managers. When the top management placed heavy pressure upon lower level managers who prepare budget, they create budgetary slack to make the budget look achievable so they can avoid the burden of failure. Managers want to look successful in terms of budgetary performance by creating a lower performance benchmark relative to their actual capabilities to receive favourable evaluation and reputation in the top management. Managers have incentive to overestimate project costs that builds in budgetary slack. This allows the project manager to present the finished project as coming in under-budget. If the real cost of the project turns out to be lower than the exaggerated cost projection, the manager will be perceived as being capable to manage the project in a cost-efficient manner. 2) Information asymmetry Information asymmetry forms a favourable condition for slack creation. Managers acquire more private information because they are closer to the decision environment than their superiors. Managers present a distorted picture of business possibilities to their superiors and create budgetary slack by preventing the disclosure of all the information to the top management. From the example above, the manager may obtain information that other supplier offers a lower price of raw materials and hide the information during the preparation budget.

Asia Essays - Economy, Stock Market Crashes, Free Essays

Asia Essays - Economy, Stock Market Crashes, Free Essays Asia A large economic downturn in East Asia threatens to end its nearly 30 year run of high growth rates. It is hard to understand what these declines will actualy do to the world market. The crisis has caused Asian currencies to fall 50-60%, stock markets to decline 40%, banks to close, and property values to drop. The crisis was brought on by currency devaluations, bad banking practices, high foreign debt, loose government regulation, and corruption. Due to East Asia's large impact on the world economy, the panic in Thailand, Indonesia, Korea, and other Asian countries has prompted other countries to worry about the affect on their own economies and offer aid to the financially troubled nations. The countries that are included in the East Asian crisis, known as Tiger economies, are Hong Kong, Indonesia, South Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. For these countries to participate effectively in the exchange of goods, services, and assets, an international monetary system is needed to facilitate economic transactions. To be effective in facilitating movement in goods, services, and assets, a monetary system most importantly requires an efficient balance of payments adjustment mechanism so that deficits and surpluses are not prolonged but are eliminated with relative ease in a reasonably short time period. The Asian crisis of recent falls into this category of inefficient balance of payments facilitated by depreciation of its currency. By competitively depreciating its currencies, Asia is exporting its deflation, its overcapacity and its lack of growth to the West, particularly to the US. No other group of countries in the world has produced more rapid economic growth and dramatic reduction in poverty than East Asia. Korea, Malaysia, and Thailand have virtually eliminated absolute poverty, and Indonesia is within reach of that goal. Nevertheless, this financial crisis has exposed weaknesses in Asian economies that must be addressed if the region is to return to its high growth of recent years. Despite the great cries of anguish we hear from bankers and corporations, the real victims of the collapse of globalisation in Asia, are the same people who were the victims of the miracle. Their low wages, or incomes from farming, are now devalued by 25% - 55%. Millions of casual construction workers are idle across the region. And now hundreds of thousands of public sector employees and finance sector workers are being sacked as the IMF enforces government budget cuts, bank and finance company closures. The East Asian crisis has affected almost all of the Asian nations, but the three hardest hit countries are Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea. The panic began in Thailand in May of 1997 when speculators, worried about Thailand's slowing economy, excessive debt, and political instability devalued the baht as they fled for market-driven currencies like the American dollar. Indonesia's economy soon fell soon after when the rupiah hit a record low against the U.S. dollar. Indonesia is plagued by more than $70 billion worth of bad debts and a corrupt and inefficient government. Thailand and Indonesia also suffer from being overbuilt during real estate booms that were the result of huge influxes of cash by optimistic foreign investors. South Korea faltered under the weight of its huge foreign debt, decreasing exports, and weakening currency. World Bank support for East Asian governments focuses on carrying out three principal objectives: 1.to build the foundation for restoring growth and raising incomes by adopting wide-ranging reforms in the financial sector, in corporate governance and competition, and in managing external debt. This builds on the IMF-led rescue efforts in the region; 2.to strengthen social protection for the poor and other vulnerable groups to help cushion the impact of the crisis; and 3.to improve the quality and transparency of key government institutions, including helping governments address problems of corruption and accountability. The World Bank believes these objectives are inseparable and essential components of winning and holding public support for difficult reforms. There must be visible help with the social costs of reform, particularly protection for the unemployed; the financial and corporate sectors must be better regulated, more transparent, and adequately capitalized to regain the confidence of investors, both foreign and domestic. Once confidence is restored, economic growth can resume, raising incomes for the poor in the process. The World Bank's Involvement to Date

Lord of the Flies Book Review

Lord of the Flies Book Review Lord of the Flies Book Review Lord of the Flies Book Review If you are looking for the free Lord of the Flies book review, you have found it. The following essay is short but comprehensive. If you are in need of individual book review writing help, do not hesitate to try our professional book review writing service. We are ready to help you with writing review on any book and within any deadline! Our prices are moderate and we guarantee authentic writing. You may also review tips on how to write a book report as well as article on writing a critique: Lord of the Flies Book Review Free Sample Lord of the Flies is more than an adventure story or allegory because of this very insistence upon "odd" objects. By placing his boys upon a mysterious island where is it? Golding forces them to explore the landscape. Earth, air, fire, water these shape and hold the meanings of existence. The four elements the four boys. How convenient it would be if Golding were to equate them! Piggy and fire? Jack and earth? Simon and air? Ralph and water? But we feel cheated. There is no one element for each boy because Golding realizes that even "primitive life" remains mysterious. There is no doubt, however, that just as the Elizabethans employed the four humours based on the four elements he associates personality and element. This association is more lasting than the incantation of old names. The four boys constantly touch the elements, whether or not they realize they do. Because they are bound to different elements (in different combinations) they battle one another. And they torment themselves in their desire to rule (or be ruled by) only one element. Throughout the novel Golding refers to the illusive quality of the island. Simon, for example, sees "a pearly stillness, so that what was real seemed illusive and without definition." Piggy peers "anxiously into the luminous veil that hung between him and the world." Jack peers "into what to him was almost complete darkness" when he first arrives on the beach. Because the elements are shadowy and ambiguous (and threatening?), they defy the vision of all the boys, including Simon and Piggy. Thus we have a completely ironic situation. The boys are forced to return to the elements to exist "originally" but they are so deceived by magical qualities that they cannot clearly judge their experience. Although many critics have complained about the gimmick at the end of the novel the boys are saved; the officer doesn't "understand" the violence which has occurred it is justified because it is another "appearance." The officer allows his "eyes to rest on the trim cruiser in the distance," but we doubt that he can see it or the water with full knowledge. Lord of the Flies is therefore a novel of faulty vision. Can the boys ever see the elements? Are the elements really there? Is a marriage between elements and consciousness possible? The novel is not about Evil, Innocence, or Free Will; it goes beyond (or under) these abstractions by questioning the very ability to formulate them. If you are looking for tips on writing Jane Eyre essay or Great Expectations essay, you will definitely find great tips on our blog! Lord of the Flies Book Review Custom Writing The above book review is free and can be easily accessed by thousands of students. If you are looking for individual help with writing your book review, if you want to get an original book review written especially for you, do not hesitate to order custom book review writing service at our site. We do not make false promises and we follow all instruction points. Our writers are native English speakers. Interesting posts: Papers Psychology Research Paper Proposal Research Help Writing a Research Paper Critical Analysis of a Research Paper Argumentative Research Paper Topics

Websites Evaluation Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Websites Evaluation Exercise - Essay Example At the same time, these web developers who charge very low fees are often in experienced. As a result, they develop the website very poorly resulting in an inefficient website. For example, in some websites when one clicks on hyperlinks they often give a 405 error. This is often as a result of a poorly developed website which has a hyperlink, but the page designated for the hyperlink either does not exist or its development had a lot of errors, (Linde &Stock 2011). Another reason why many websites are in effective is the fact that their development had no goal in particular. A good example is when companies want their names to appear on search engines such as Google, (Linde &Stock 2011). When such websites are put up they contain minimal information and normally do not have valid hyperlink or any hyperlinks at all. These websites are more of posters than websites, (Linde &Stock 2011). The Center for Disease Control and Prevention has a website, which can be accessed through the URL: www.cdc.gov. The website has used a lot of graphics which capture the users’ eye. By using these graphics without reading anything else, one is able to come to a conclusion what the website is about. The website meets the characteristics of a good website. For example, all the hyperlinks when clicked take the user to the specified web page. The website has a professional impression and it is designed accurately, which helps the user navigate easily through the site. The website is authentic and objective as it provides various links to other site where users can gather information. It is credible as is written by a government institution which means the information is collected from reliable sources. The site also meets the characteristics of a good website in that it provides relevant and enough information. For example, the site list all known recent out brakes, and even goes further to

E-marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

E-marketing - Essay Example Individual companies and organizations have developed websites that are aimed at reaching a considerable number of the target market. These websites have had their flaws and thus, the need to improve or adopt a different website that is of attraction to the user. A number of strategies have been proposed to improve the look and feel of the website such as using different advertising strategies and search engine optimization. Majority of online stores use e-marketing as a tool to advertise and sell their products and services, in this study, the website of Amazon.com will be analyzed, and suggestions offered in regard to the website. Although the company has done much on the website, there are a few things to be added and others improved. For example, the company can consider including mobile phone technology in its payment system. The organization can also take measures to allow users access its services through their smartphones. In addition, the company can engage Search Engine Opt imization in order to ensure that it gets the most traffiick which may end up being transformed to customers. E-marketing: Amazon Introduction Jeff Bozos founded Amazon.com in 1994, and the company has grown quickly to become a successful e-commerce company (business) in the universe. Today, the company is among the Fortune 500 companies and of the biggest online retailers in United States. Unlike, the other companies, such as e-bay which do online auction, the focus of Amazon.com has been on retail sale. Amazon.com has grown in the world in a rapid rate and has become one of the famous retailing website in the universe. The success of Amazon.com is attributed to its consumer friendly website interface and inventive tools that assist the consumers such as offering lists of popular books, the recommendation system, and lists of the best sellers (Wong 2009). Amazon is one of the first businesses to sell products embedded in their long chain through housing them in their many warehouses. It also distributes products from the numerous partner companies. Amazon acts as a medium or directly sells a wide range of products. These p roducts include consumer electronics, videos, music, clothing, household products, and books. Most of products sold are done through Amazon, however, majority of them are from third-party sellers (CrunchBase 2012). In this essay, Amazon.com website will be analyzed in terms of how it markets its products, and how it can improve online sales for its products. Suggestions to improve its online sales of product such as Search Engine Optimization and advertising strategies will be discussed in detail. Website Analysis The success of Amazon is as a direct consequence of the strong user shopping experience. There are several features that make the Amazon shopping experience a model worth to be imitated by e-commerce developers. The shopping experience of Amazon starts on the home page where user or shopper is visually informed of the two-fold purposes of the website; to inform customers of available products and their characteristics and to direct customers toward purchasing the products. Apart from the disorderly layout and several clean distinct components that attract the eye of the user, the shopping/search controls at the top, and the navigation section on the upper left stand out in the Amazon home page. With such components highlighted, the two-fold aim of the Amazon website is achieved when the user is capable of quickly finding and purchasing products, and the seller is capable of quickly processing online purchases and making a profit (Webdesigner depot 2009). The online shopping and product search are very conspicuous even for an individual who has visited the website for the first